A Snapshot of Bystander Attitudes about Mobile Live-Streaming Video in Public Settings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Related Work
1.1.1. Wearable Cameras
1.1.2. Cameras and Telecommuting
1.1.3. Mobile Live Video Recording and Sharing
1.1.4. Overview of Recent US Mobile-Video Environment
1.2. Problem Space
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
- Gender: Male n = 13, female n = 7.
- Age: 18–29 n = 8, age 30–39 n = 6, age 40–49 n = 4, age 50–59 n = 2.
- Education: Graduate degree n = 11, bachelor’s degree n = 4, some college, technical degree, or associate’s degree n = 5.
- Ethnicity: Caucasian/European heritage n = 14, Asian n = 3, African n = 2, Latino n = 1.
2.2. Procedure
2.2.1. Public Context 1—“Sports Event”
- Did you notice the person who was broadcasting live video from their phone? What about them did you notice?
- Have you heard about mobile live-streaming video apps similar to theirs? What have you heard?
- Why do you think someone would want to stream live video from their phones?
- How do you feel about being around someone who is streaming live video? Why?
- Would you want someone to ask your permission before streaming a live video from your location?
- Would you be willing to take an action to block someone from being able to stream a video of you?
2.2.2. Public Context 2—“Meeting Event”
2.2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bystander Awareness of Mobile Live-Streaming Nearby
[P2] “We were trying to figure out whether she was recording video or searching for Pokémon.”
[P4] “At one point, I thought she was talking to somebody.”
[P20] “Didn’t realize what she was doing. Just thought she was videotaping for later. You can’t tell the difference, right?”
3.2. Bystander Familiarity with Mobile Live-Streaming Apps in General
[P16] “If there’s news going on right as the person is live-streaming, it’s very helpful to see what’s going on in the moment.”
[P12] “We need more cops to live-stream. We need more live streaming of the scary things going on.”
[P9] “I think [it’s good] to get the true content or ideas of things that are really happening live, so there’s no way you can deny it. For the simple fact is, it is live.”
3.3. Bystander Attitudes About the Use of Mobile Live-Streaming Apps Nearby
[P14] “Live streaming for social gatherings [is appropriate], but not when I am walking around [the local entertainment district] by myself.”
[P11] “If they just want to film it, that wouldn’t bother me, but if they’re narrating while other people are talking, it’s [distracting].
[P16] “I am around it enough now so that it is fairly commonplace. So I am like, whatever.”
[P12] “I’m desensitized to it. My friends are always on Snapchat. … We’re videotaped all the time now.”
3.4. Bystander Attitudes About Social Appropriateness and Legality of Mobile Live-Streaming
[P2] “Personally I don’t really care, I know some people freak out but if you’re in a public spot, there’s no way to stop them.”
[P6] “Everybody has a right to privacy, but when you’re in a public place, you’re in a public place. C’mon.”
[P18] “I wouldn’t feel uncomfortable because I don’t think it’s that different from taking pictures. It might make me less willing to interact with that person because his or her attention is somewhere else.”
[P11] “I tell friends I don’t want to be in pictures. I’d also want to know ahead of time if they’re live- streaming.”
[P17] “The face thing doesn’t bother me so much as if I were talking and that gets posted. I’m very direct and I have opinions. … Maybe I intended to make that comment in a social setting for 10–15 people, but all of a sudden it’s taken out of context.”
3.5. Bystander Attitudes about Notification of and Permission for Mobile Live-Streaming
[P20] “Kind of like with Google Glass … people’s concern was, if I’m talking to you and you’re videotaping this, I’d like to know that because it could affect what I would say and how I would say it. There are different zones [of behavior].”
[P15] “If I were just in the background, I probably won’t care. But if I’m the focus of the live stream, I’d like to know what’s going on. I would want them to get my permission to do that. … It’s common manners.”
[P20] “I might, if you can turn it on and off.”
[P5] “It would be helpful … if you have an option to get out of that stream or to participate.”
4. Discussion
4.1. Emergent Themes from Observations and Interviews
4.1.1. Familiarity vs. Awareness
4.1.2. Social Norms, Proximity to the Streaming Device, and Permission
4.1.3. Impact of the Social Space: The Presence of Others as a Normalizing Factor
4.1.4. (Un)Consciousness of the Legal Implications of Mobile Live-Video Streaming and of Copyright Laws
4.2. Design Recommendations Stemming from Emergent Themes
4.2.1. Awareness: Colored Lights to Indicate Front or Back Live Video Capture
4.2.2. Permission: “Do Not Record” List and/or Toggle Button
4.2.3. Copyright Laws: Remote Deactivation of Streaming and/or Camera
4.3. Limitations and Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Faklaris, C.; Cafaro, F.; Blevins, A.; O’Haver, M.A.; Singhal, N. A Snapshot of Bystander Attitudes about Mobile Live-Streaming Video in Public Settings. Informatics 2020, 7, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7020010
Faklaris C, Cafaro F, Blevins A, O’Haver MA, Singhal N. A Snapshot of Bystander Attitudes about Mobile Live-Streaming Video in Public Settings. Informatics. 2020; 7(2):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7020010
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaklaris, Cori, Francesco Cafaro, Asa Blevins, Matthew A. O’Haver, and Neha Singhal. 2020. "A Snapshot of Bystander Attitudes about Mobile Live-Streaming Video in Public Settings" Informatics 7, no. 2: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7020010