Assessing the Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | HP (−) AG (−) | HP (+) AG (−) | HP (+) AG (+) | HP (−) AG (+) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2430 | n = 552 | n = 517 | n = 61 | p-Value | |||||
Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | ||
Sex (male) | (744) | (30.6) | (200) | (36.2) | (160) | (30.9) | (23) | (37.7) | 0.053 |
Age (years) | 50.0 | 10.1 | 54.4 | 9.80 | 57.7 | 8.86 | 57.5 | 9.80 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 | 3.06 | 22.4 | 3.24 | 22.1 | 3.08 | 22.2 | 3.64 | 0.004 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 | 20.3 | 135 | 20.8 | 137 | 21.6 | 132 | 21.0 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.9 | 11.8 | 79.9 | 12.1 | 80.3 | 11.5 | 77.8 | 13.1 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 213 | 37.2 | 219 | 37.3 | 218 | 36.3 | 216 | 34.2 | 0.002 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 128 | 102 | 146 | 102 | 129 | 90.8 | 128 | 78.4 | 0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 72.2 | 19.4 | 68.4 | 18.2 | 69.6 | 18.6 | 71.5 | 20.1 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120 | 31.6 | 126 | 31.4 | 126 | 31.6 | 122 | 25.7 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 92.3 | 20.2 | 94.3 | 24.4 | 95.3 | 22.2 | 96.0 | 25.7 | 0.009 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.6 | 1.41 | 13.7 | 1.40 | 13.5 | 1.33 | 13.6 | 1.71 | 0.035 |
Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.37 | 0.42 | 5.46 | 0.58 | 5.48 | 0.49 | 5.49 | 0.55 | <0.001 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.19 | 2.29 | 5.30 | 2.32 | 5.25 | 2.50 | 5.59 | 3.03 | 0.456 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 13.9 | 4.04 | 14.7 | 4.16 | 14.2 | 4.27 | 14.4 | 6.32 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.69 | 0.15 | 0.72 | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.84 | 1.31 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.9 | 13.9 | 76.1 | 14.5 | 79.0 | 13.8 | 78.8 | 17.0 | <0.001 |
PG I (ng/mL) | 49.1 | 19.8 | 81.9 | 44.6 | 44.0 | 17.2 | 25.9 | 16.6 | <0.001 |
PG II (ng/mL) | 9.28 | 3.75 | 27.3 | 16.1 | 23.1 | 8.60 | 13.5 | 6.87 | <0.001 |
PG I/II ratio | 5.44 | 1.28 | 3.40 | 1.36 | 1.92 | 0.63 | 1.90 | 0.84 | <0.001 |
METs (h/day) | 12.4 | 10.3 | 13.2 | 10.6 | 14.1 | 10.6 | 16.6 | 12.6 | <0.001 |
Current smokers | (269) | (11.1) | (68) | (12.3) | (58) | (11.2) | (10) | (16.4) | 0.522 |
Current drinkers | (1484) | (61.1) | (324) | (58.7) | (281) | (54.4) | (34) | (55.7) | 0.034 |
Hypertension | (794) | (32.7) | (232) | (42.0) | (244) | (47.2) | (22) | (36.1) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | (58) | (2.4) | (28) | (5.1) | (29) | (5.6) | (4) | (6.6) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | (790) | (32.5) | (242) | (43.8) | (229) | (44.3) | (21) | (34.4) | <0.001 |
Anemia | (248) | (10.2) | (51) | (9.2) | (65) | (12.6) | (8) | (13.1) | 0.265 |
Myocardial infarction and/or stenocardia | (33) | (1.4) | (11) | (2.0) | (8) | (1.5) | (1) | (1.6) | 0.738 |
Stroke | (22) | (0.9) | (4) | (0.7) | (6) | (1.2) | (1) | (1.6) | 0.825 |
Year | HP (−) AG (−) | HP (+) AG (−) | HP (+) AG (+) | HP (−) AG (+) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CKD | CKD | CKD | CKD | |||||
(−) | (+) | (−) | (+) | (−) | (+) | (−) | (+) | |
35–49 | 1262 | 23 | 179 | 5 | 97 | 2 | 13 | 0 |
98.2% | 1.8% | 97.3% | 2.7% | 98.0% | 2.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% | |
50–59 | 516 | 44 | 134 | 21 | 125 | 12 | 15 | 2 |
92.1% | 7.9% | 86.5% | 13.5% | 91.2% | 8.8% | 88.2% | 11.8% | |
60–69 | 502 | 83 | 173 | 40 | 263 | 18 | 26 | 5 |
85.8% | 14.2% | 81.2% | 18.8% | 93.6% | 6.4% | 83.9% | 16.1% |
CKD | OR † | 95% CI † | p-Value | OR †† | 95% CI †† | p-Value | OR § | 95% CI § | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(−) | (+) | ||||||||||
HP (−) AG (−) | 2280 | 150 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
HP (+) AG (−) | 486 | 66 | 1.465 | 1.066–2.012 | 0.018 | 1.439 | 1.046–1.979 | 0.025 | 1.443 | 1.047–1.989 | 0.025 |
HP (+) AG (+) | 485 | 32 | 0.610 | 0.406–0.917 | 0.017 | 0.615 | 0.408–0.926 | 0.020 | 0.608 | 0.402–0.920 | 0.019 |
HP (−) AG (+) | 54 | 7 | 1.126 | 0.492–2.573 | 0.779 | 1.134 | 0.492–2.614 | 0.768 | 1.076 | 0.456–2.539 | 0.867 |
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Hata, K.; Koyama, T.; Ozaki, E.; Kuriyama, N.; Mizuno, S.; Matsui, D.; Watanabe, I.; Uehara, R.; Watanabe, Y. Assessing the Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Chronic Kidney Disease. Healthcare 2021, 9, 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020162
Hata K, Koyama T, Ozaki E, Kuriyama N, Mizuno S, Matsui D, Watanabe I, Uehara R, Watanabe Y. Assessing the Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Chronic Kidney Disease. Healthcare. 2021; 9(2):162. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020162
Chicago/Turabian StyleHata, Koichi, Teruhide Koyama, Etsuko Ozaki, Nagato Kuriyama, Shigeto Mizuno, Daisuke Matsui, Isao Watanabe, Ritei Uehara, and Yoshiyuki Watanabe. 2021. "Assessing the Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Chronic Kidney Disease" Healthcare 9, no. 2: 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020162
APA StyleHata, K., Koyama, T., Ozaki, E., Kuriyama, N., Mizuno, S., Matsui, D., Watanabe, I., Uehara, R., & Watanabe, Y. (2021). Assessing the Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Chronic Kidney Disease. Healthcare, 9(2), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020162