The Effect of an Optimized Diet as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Subjects with Periodontitis: A Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Low carbohydrate content (<130 g/day or <26% of total energy intake). This includes restriction of the amount of fructose, disaccharides, sweetened beverages and meals, flour-containing foods, and pasta, rice, bread and potatoes. There were no restrictions regarding fruits and vegetables (polysaccharides) as long as the total amount of carbohydrates was considered.
- Daily intake of whole-grain products and fiber (whole-grain breakfast cereals, whole-wheat pasta, whole-grain bread, vegetables and fruits)
- Daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil capsules, a portion of fatty fish, two spoons of flaxseed oil); a restriction in the amount of trans-fatty acids as far as possible (fried meals, crisps, donuts, croissants); daily intake of monounsaturated fatty acid (olive oil); and a reduction in omega-6 fatty acids as far as possible (such as safflower oil, grape seed oil, sunflower oil, margarine, sesame oil, corn oil)
- Daily intake of a source of vitamin C (kiwis, oranges, bell peppers, etc.)
- Daily intake of a source of vitamin D (15 min unprotected sun exposure, fatty fish, cod liver oil, supplementation with 500 international units (12.5 μg))
- Daily intake of antioxidants (such as a handful of berries, olive oil, or a cup of green tea).
- -
- Simple sugars restriction (e.g., confectionery, sweetened beverages, disaccharides, etc.)
- -
- Daily consumption of whole-grain products (e.g., whole-grain cereals, wholewheat pasta)
- -
- Daily consumption of fruit and vegetables
- -
- Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids sources (e.g., fatty fish, flaxseeds) with concomitant reduction of saturated, trans- and omega-6 fatty acids (e.g.,, butter, margarine).
- Full-mouth plaque score (FMPS)
- Full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS)
- Probing pocket depth (PPD)
- Gingival recession (REC)
- Clinical attachment level (CAL).
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ND b | OD c | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.59 ± 12.90 | 50.86 ± 11.69 |
Gender | 15 Males, 17 Females | 12 Males, 16 Females |
Weight (kg) | 78.19 ± 11.63 | 79.82 ± 11.82 |
Height (cm) | 172.1 ± 9.30 | 172.3 ± 8.62 |
Bmi a | 26.34 2.83 | 26.78 ± 2.44 |
Ethnicity | ||
Afro-American | 2 | 1 |
Asian | 1 | 3 |
Caucasian | 27 | 23 |
Latino-American | 2 | 1 |
Number of Teeth | 25.06 ± 2.67 | 25.46 ± 2.89 |
ND k | OD l | ||
---|---|---|---|
Blood pressure | 1 | 9 | 10 |
2 | 23 | 18 | |
Triglycerides | TG1 a | 13 | 14 |
TG2 b | 12 | 7 | |
TG3 c | 6 | 7 | |
TG4 d | 1 | 0 | |
Total cholesterol | TCH1 e | 16 | 13 |
TCH2 f | 16 | 15 | |
HDL | HDL1 g | 18 | 13 |
HDL2 h | 14 | 15 | |
LDL | LDL1 i | 14 | 13 |
LDL j | 18 | 15 |
ND D | OD E | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T1-T0 | T0 | T1 | |
CAL a | 4.47 ± 0.92 | 3.78 ± 0.94 | −0.69 ± 0.59 ** | 4.96 ± 0.96 | 4.07 ± 0.94 |
PPD b | 3.97 ± 0.82 | 3.03 ± 0.82 | −0.94 ± 0.67 ** | 4.25 ± 0.89 | 3.00 ± 0.54 |
REC c | 0.47 ± 0.51 | 0.75 ± 0.72 | 0.28 ± 0.58 * | 0.68 ± 0.82 | 1.07 ± 0.90 |
FMPS d | 65.28 ± 12.86 | 20.94 ± 4.29 | −44.34 ± 14.03 ** | 66.61 ± 11.47 | 21.57 ± 4.62 |
FMBS e | 70.88 ± 10.43 | 24.5 ± 2.86 | −46.38 ± 11.65 ** | 67.93 ± 9.47 | 22.64 ± 3.09 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | Coefficient |
---|---|---|
FMBSD a | Group Optimized diet | −1.88 |
PPDD b | Group Optimized diet | −0.34 |
LDL levels c Under 100 mg/dL | −0.82 |
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De Angelis, P.; Gasparini, G.; Manicone, P.F.; Passarelli, P.C.; Azzolino, D.; Rella, E.; De Rosa, G.; Papi, P.; Pompa, G.; De Angelis, S.; et al. The Effect of an Optimized Diet as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Subjects with Periodontitis: A Prospective Study. Healthcare 2022, 10, 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030583
De Angelis P, Gasparini G, Manicone PF, Passarelli PC, Azzolino D, Rella E, De Rosa G, Papi P, Pompa G, De Angelis S, et al. The Effect of an Optimized Diet as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Subjects with Periodontitis: A Prospective Study. Healthcare. 2022; 10(3):583. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030583
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Angelis, Paolo, Giulio Gasparini, Paolo Francesco Manicone, Pier Carmine Passarelli, Domenico Azzolino, Edoardo Rella, Giuseppe De Rosa, Piero Papi, Giorgio Pompa, Silvio De Angelis, and et al. 2022. "The Effect of an Optimized Diet as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Subjects with Periodontitis: A Prospective Study" Healthcare 10, no. 3: 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030583