Physicians’ Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations: The Role of Emotions and Trust
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaire
- Socio-demographic information and personal details, including position at work (managerial/non-managerial), place of work (hospital/community service), and seniority as a physician (years).
- Physicians’ compliance with MOH regulations (henceforth, compliance). The compliance variable was measured on a 7-point scale (1 = not at all; 7 = always). Participants were asked to indicate the frequency with which they performed three preventive actions during the coronavirus crisis (e.g., “More meticulous than usual in complying with MOH-issued COVID-19 regulations”). The compliance variable was computed as the participants’ mean response to these three items.
- Perceived threat was measured based on the seven-item subscale of the validated Hebrew version of HBM [35]. Participants were asked to indicate the levels of their agreement with the seven items on a 7-point scale (1 = “strongly disagree” to 7 = “strongly agree”) (e.g., “The thought of getting COVID-19 scares me”). The perceived threat variable was computed as the participants’ mean response to the seven items.
- Perceived risk during the COVID-19 pandemic was measured based on the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale [36]. Participants were asked to indicate the level of danger they feel regarding nine items. Each item was rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 = “not dangerous at all” to 7 = “extremely dangerous” (e.g., “treating a COVID-19 patient without protective equipment”). The perceived risk variable was computed as the participants’ mean response to the nine items.
- Positive and negative emotion levels were measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) questionnaire [37]. Participants were asked to indicate the levels of negative and positive emotions they felt during the last week on a 7-point scale ranging from “not at all” (1) to “extremely” (7). The emotions variable was computed as the participants’ mean response to the positive and negative items, separately.
- Trust in the healthcare system was based on the research of Dugan et al. and Egede and Ellis [38,39]. Participants were asked to indicate their level of agreement with nine items on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 = do not agree at all to 7 = fully agree (e.g., “I have confidence in the medical information published by the Ministry of Health”). The trust variable was computed as the participants’ mean response to the nine items.
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Physicians’ Compliance MOH Behavioral Guidelines
4.2. Emotions
4.3. Gender Differences
4.4. HBM Prediction—Perceived Threat
4.5. Trust
4.6. Perceived Threat, Perceived Risk, Emotions, and Trust
4.7. Additional Measures to Prevent Infection—Vaccination Practice and Green Pass Policy
4.8. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The Questionnaire
- The Israeli health system routinely performs its work well.
- The Ministry of Health is managing the coronavirus crisis in an excellent and professional manner.
- The guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health to the public regarding the COVID-19 pandemic are exaggerated (reversed score).
- The way the COVID-19 crisis is being managed is motivated by political motives (reversed score).
- The Ministry of Health does not take sufficient measures to protect the medical staff (reversed score).
- I have confidence in the medical information published by the Ministry of Health.
- The Ministry of Health will vaccinate medical staff only if the vaccine is found to be effective and safe.
- I have confidence in the medical information published by the Ministry of Health regarding the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine.
- The organization where I work is being run well during the COVID-19 epidemic.
- More meticulous than usual in complying with MOH-issued COVID-19 regulations.
- More meticulous than usual in adhering to hygiene guidelines at work.
- More meticulous than usual in adhering to hygiene guidelines at home.
- The thought of getting COVID-19 scares me.
- I worry a lot about getting COVID-19.
- My chances of getting COVID-19 are high.
- COVID-19 can be a serious disease and can cause medical complications and even death.
- Working with numerous people each day increases my chances of getting COVID-19 and infecting my family.
- If I get COVID-19, my family will be nervous and scared.
- If I get COVID-19, my functioning will be impaired.
- working at a hospital.
- working in the community (community clinics).
- treating a patient suspected of having COVID-19 without protective equipment.
- treating a COVID-19 patient without protective equipment.
- touching public surfaces without gloves.
- not washing hands after touching public surfaces.
- meeting family members; shopping for food and drugs; using public transportation.
Appendix B
Age | Seniority in Medicine | |
---|---|---|
Trust | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Negative emotions | −0.37 *** | −0.36 *** |
Positive emotions | 0.24 ** | 0.21 ** |
Perceived threat | −0.25 *** | −0.23 ** |
Perceived risk | −0.19 ** | −0.16 * |
Preventive Behavior | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Managerial Position | No Managerial Position | t (198) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trust | 3.82 (1.02) | 3.72 (0.95) | −0.58 | 0.560 |
Negative emotions | 2.30 (0.95) | 3.24 (1.43) | 5.01 | <0.001 |
Positive emotions | 4.12 (1.07) | 3.50 (1.03) | −3.41 | <0.001 |
Perceived threat | 4.90 (0.89) | 5.22 (1.02) | 1.80 | 0.073 |
Perceived risk | 4.30 (0.77) | 4.74 (0.85) | 2.99 | 0.003 |
Preventive Behavior | 5.85 (0.98) | 5.67 (1.00) | −1.06 | 0.292 |
Arab | Jewish | t (184) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trust | 4.00 (0.75) | 3.75 (0.97) | 1.26 | 0.210 |
Negative emotions | 2.97 (1.30) | 2.98 (1.35) | −0.04 | 0.965 |
Positive emotions | 3.54 (1.20) | 3.67 (1.05) | −0.56 | 0.576 |
Perceived threat | 5.24 (0.97) | 5.12 (1.02) | 0.60 | 0.551 |
Perceived risk | 5.18 (0.75) | 4.53 (0.83) | 3.77 | <0.001 |
Preventive Behavior | 5.77 (1.33) | 5.66 (0.95) | 0.51 | 0.612 |
Total | Female | Male | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | p | Coefficient | t | p | Coefficient | t | p | |
(Gender) x (perceived threat) | −0.24 (0.13) | 0.015 | 0.38 | 3.42 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.65 | 0.517 |
References
- World Health Organization. Overview of Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 18 May 2020; No. WHO/2019-nCoV/PHSM_Overview/2020.1; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease ( COVID-19) Outbreak: Rights, Roles and Responsibilities of Health Workers, Including Key Considerations for Occupational Safety and Health: Interim Guidance, 19 March 2020; No. WHO/2019-nCov/HCW_advice/2020.2; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Bubbico, L.; Mastrangelo, G.; Larese-Filon, F.; Basso, P.; Rigoli, R.; Maurelli, M.; Ferlito, S.; Capelli, M.; Gisabella, C.; Javanbakht, M.; et al. Community use of face masks against the spread of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cegolon, L.; Javanbakht, M.; Mastrangelo, G. Nasal disinfection for the prevention and control of COVID-19: A scoping review on potential chemo-preventive agents. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2020, 230, 113605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Israel Ministry of Health Guidelines, Medical Directorate. Available online: https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/policy/mr-154756820/he/files_circulars_mr_mr-154756820.pdf (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Israel Ministry of Health Guidelines to Confront the New Corona Virus Morbidity. Available online: https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/corona/corona-virus/guidelines/ (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Bord, S.; Schor, A.; Satran, C.; Ali Saleh, O.; Inchi, L.; Halperin, D. Distancing Adherence and Negative Emotions among the Israeli Elderly Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashirian, S.; Jenabi, E.; Khazaei, S.; Barati, M.; Karimi-Shahanjarini, A.; Zareian, S.; Moeini, B. Factors associated with preventive behaviours of COVID-19 among hospital staff in Iran in 2020: An application of the Protection Motivation Theory. J. Hosp. Infect. 2020, 105, 430–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramadan, M.; Hasan, Z.; Saleh, T.; Jaradat, M.; Al-Hazaimeh, M.; Bani Hani, O.; Al-Tammemi, A.B.; Shorman, E.; Al-Mistarehi, A.H.; Kheirallah, K. Beyond knowledge: Evaluating the practices and precautionary measures towards COVID-19 amongst medical doctors in Jordan. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2021, 75, e14122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ayinde, O.; Usman, A.B.; Aduroja, P.; Gbolahan, A. A cross-sectional study on Oyo state health care workers knowledge, attitude and practice regarding corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Adv. Infect. Dis. 2020, 10, 6–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agarwal, A.; Ranjan, P.; Saraswat, A.; Kasi, K.; Bharadiya, V.; Vikram, N.; Chakrawarty, A. Are health care workers following preventive practices in the COVID-19 pandemic properly? A cross-sectional survey from India. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 2021, 15, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biswas, N.; Mustapha, T.; Khubchandani, J. The nature and extent of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers. J. Community Health 2021, 46, 1244–1251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shekhar, R.; Sheikh, A.B.; Upadhyay, S.; Singh, M.; Kottewar, S.; Mir, H.; Pal, S. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the United States. Vaccines 2021, 9, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenstock, I.M.; Strecher, V.J.; Becker, M.H. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ. Q. 1988, 15, 175–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lahav, E.; Shahrabani, S.; Rosenboim, M.; Tsutsui, Y. Is stronger religious faith associated with a greater willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine? Evidence from Israel and Japan. Eur. J. Health Econ. 2021, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wong, L.P.; Alias, H.; Wong, P.F.; Lee, H.Y.; AbuBakar, S. The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2020, 16, 2204–2214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qian, M.; Wu, Q.; Wu, P.; Hou, Z.; Liang, Y.; Cowling, B.J.; Yu, H. Psychological responses, behavioral changes and public perceptions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China: A population based cross-sectional survey. MedRxiv 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, J.B.; Yang, A.; Dou, K.; Wang, L.X.; Zhang, M.C.; Lin, X.Q. Chinese public’s knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived controllability of COVID-19 and their associations with emotional and behavioural reactions, social participation, and precautionary behaviour: A national survey. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, Y.; Lau, J.T.; She, R.; Chen, X.; Li, L.; Li, L.; Chen, X. Prevalence and associated factors of intention of COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers in China: Application of the Health Belief Model. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2021, 17, 2894–2902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maraqa, B.; Nazzal, Z.; Rabi, R.; Sarhan, N.; Al-Shakhra, K.; Al-Kaila, M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health care workers in Palestine: A call for action. Prev. Med. 2021, 149, 106618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, Q.; Zheng, B.; Cristea, M.; Agostini, M.; Belanger, J.J.; Gützkow, B.; Leander, P. Trust in government and its associations with health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. PsyArXiv Prepr. 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Uslaner, E.M. The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Lau, L.S.; Samari, G.; Moresky, R.T.; Casey, S.E.; Kachur, S.P.; Roberts, L.F.; Zard, M. COVID-19 in humanitarian settings and lessons learned from past epidemics. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 647–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lorettu, L.; Mastrangelo, G.; Stepien, J.; Grabowski, J.; Meloni, R.; Piu, D.; Michalski, T.; Waszak, P.M.; Bellizzi, S.; Cegolon, L. Attitudes and perceptions of health protection measures against the spread of COVID-19 in Italy and Poland. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 805790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moran, C.; Campbell, D.J.; Campbell, T.S.; Roach, P.; Bourassa, L.; Collins, Z.; Stasiewicz, M.; McLane, P. Predictors of attitudes and adherence to COVID-19 public health guidelines in Western countries: A rapid review of the emerging literature. J. Public Health 2021, 43, 739–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, S.M.; Shoda, Y.; Hurley, K. Applying cognitive-social theory to health-protective behavior: Breast self-examination in cancer screening. Psychol. Bull. 1996, 119, 70–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chapman, G.B.; Coups, E.J. Emotions and preventive health behavior: Worry, regret, and influenza vaccination. Health Psychol. 2006, 25, 82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Slovic, P. Trust, emotion, sex, politics, and science: Surveying the risk-assessment battlefield. Risk Anal. 1999, 19, 689–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lerner, J.S.; Gonzalez, R.M.; Small, D.A.; Fischhoff, B. Emotion and perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychol. Sci. 2003, 14, 144–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benzion, U.; Shahrabani, S.; Shavit, T. Emotions and perceived risks after the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war. Mind Soc. 2009, 8, 21–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shavit, T.; Shahrabani, S.; Benzion, U.; Rosenboim, M. The effect of a forest fire disaster on emotions and perceptions of risk: A field study after the Carmel fire. J. Environ. Psychol. 2013, 36, 129–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finucane, M.L.; Slovic, P.; Mertz, C.K.; Flynn, J.; Satterfield, T.A. Gender, Race, and Perceived Risk: The ‘White Male’ Effect. Health Risk Soc. 2000, 2, 159–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dryhurst, S.; Schneider, C.R.; Kerr, J.; Freeman, A.L.; Recchia, G.; Van Der Bles, A.M.; Van Der Linden, S. Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. J. Risk Res. 2020, 23, 994–1006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jordan, J.; Yoeli, E.; Rand, D. Don’t get it or don’t spread it: Comparing self-interested versus prosocial motivations for COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capraro, V.; Barcelo, H. The effect of messaging and gender on intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2005.05467. [Google Scholar]
- Shahrabani, S.; Benzion, U.; Yom Din, G. Factors affecting nurses’ decision to get the flu vaccine. Eur. J. Health Econ. 2009, 10, 227–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blais, A.R.; Weber, E.U. A domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 2006, 1, 33–47. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, D.; Clark, L.A.; Tellegen, A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1988, 54, 1063–1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dugan, E.; Trachtenberg, F.; Hall, M.A. Development of abbreviated measures to assess patient trust in a physician, a health insurer, and the medical profession. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2005, 5, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Egede, L.E.; Ellis, C. Development and testing of the multidimensional trust in health care systems scale. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2008, 23, 808–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dawson, J.F. Moderation in management research: What, why, when and how. J. Bus. Psychol. 2014, 29, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.-G.; Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pappa, S.; Ntella, V.; Giannakas, T.; Giannakoulis, V.G.; Papoutsi, E.; Katsaounou, P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 88, 901–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Luo, D.; Haase, J.E.; Guo, Q.; Wang, X.Q.; Liu, S.; Yang, B.X. The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. Lancet Glob. Health 2020, 8, e790–e798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, M.G.; Barrett, L.F. Being emotional during decision making—Good or bad? An empirical investigation. Acad. Manag. J. 2007, 50, 923–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gallè, F.; Sabella, E.A.; Roma, P.; Da Molin, G.; Diella, G.; Montagna, M.T.; Napoli, C. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination in the Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Italy. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zapf, D.; Holz, M. On the positive and negative effects of emotion work in organizations. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol. 2006, 15, 1–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Range | Total Sample (n = 187) | Male (n = 92) | Female (n = 95) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (%) | 100.00 | 49.20 | 50.80 | - | |
Age (years) M (SD) | 27–77 | 41.27 (10.60) | 42.91 (11.31) | 39.67 (9.67) | t = 2.11, p = 0.04, d * = 0.31 |
Seniority in medicine (years) M (SD) | 0.5–50 | 12.54 (11.59) | 13.95 (12.37) | 11.16 (10.66) | t = 1.64, p = 0.10, d = 0.24 |
Status (%) | Physician | 97.00 | 98.90 | 94.70 | - |
Medicine resident | 3.00 | 1.10 | 5.30 | ||
Managerial position (%) | Yes | 20.50 | 22.80 | 17.90 | Z = 0.84, p = 0.40, d = 0.12 |
Religion (%) | Jewish | 86.00 | 80.40 | 91.5 | Z = 2.17, p = 0.03, d = 0.31 |
Country of birth (%) | Israel | 75.30 | 76.10 | 74.50 | Z = 0.26, p = 0.79, d = 0.04 |
Marital status (%) | Married/ in an intimate relationship | 88.80 | 89.10 | 88.40 | Z = 0.15, p = 0.87, d = 0.02 |
Single, divorced | 11.20 | 10.90 | 11.60 | ||
Economic status (%) | Average and below | 17.50 | 15.60 | 19.40 | Z = 0.68, p = 0.49, d = 0.10 |
Above average | 82.50 | 84.40 | 80.60 | ||
Religiosity (%) | Secular | 71.00 | 64.10 | 77.70 | χ2 = 4.47 |
Partly religious | 16.60 | 21.70 | 11.70 | p = 0.11 | |
Religious | 12.40 | 14.10 | 10.60 | d = 0.30 | |
Current main work place (%) | Hospital | 90.90 | 84.80 | 77.70 | Z = 1.24, p = 0.21, d = 0.17 |
Other (e.g., community service) | 9.10 | 15.20 | 22.30 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | M | SD | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trust | 0.71 | 3.74 | 0.96 | −0.34 *** | 0.24 *** | −0.14 * | −0.07 | 0.11 |
Negative emotions | 0.91 | 3.04 | 1.40 | −0.28 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.18 ** | |
Positive emotions | 0.76 | 3.62 | 1.07 | −0.23 *** | −0.12 | 0.09 | ||
Perceived threat | 0.75 | 5.15 | 1.00 | 0.58 *** | 0.36 *** | |||
Perceived risk | 0.87 | 4.65 | 0.85 | 0.43 *** | ||||
Compliance-Preventive Behavior | 0.72 | 5.71 | 1.00 |
Male | Female | t = (185) | Cohen’s d | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Trust | 3.79 | 0.94 | 3.76 | 0.96 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.82 |
Negative emotions | 2.62 | 1.30 | 3.37 | 1.34 | −3.89 | −0.57 | <0.001 |
Positive emotions | 3.94 | 1.10 | 3.35 | 0.99 | 3.85 | 0.57 | <0.001 |
Perceived threat | 4.96 | 1.08 | 5.31 | 0.91 | −2.33 | −0.35 | 0.02 |
Perceived risk | 4.50 | 0.95 | 4.75 | 0.74 | −2.03 | −0.31 | 0.04 |
Compliance-Preventive Behavior | 5.65 | 0.92 | 5.71 | 1.09 | −0.41 | −0.06 | 0.68 |
Model 1 β (SE) | Model 2 β (SE) | Model 3 β (SE) | Model 4 β (SE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.14 (0.01) |
Gender-male | −0.02 (0.15) | −0.02 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.14) |
Trust | 0.15 * (0.08) | 0.21 ** (0.08) | 0.18 ** (0.07) | |
Negative emotions | 0.33 *** (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) | ||
Positive emotions | 0.17 * (0.07) | 0.18 ** (0.07) | ||
Perceived threat | 0.20 * (0.08) | |||
Perceived risk | 0.36 *** (0.09) | |||
Adj. R2 | 0.001 | 0.01 * | 0.09 *** | 0.27 *** |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shahrabani, S.; Bord, S.; Admi, H.; Halberthal, M. Physicians’ Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations: The Role of Emotions and Trust. Healthcare 2022, 10, 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030582
Shahrabani S, Bord S, Admi H, Halberthal M. Physicians’ Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations: The Role of Emotions and Trust. Healthcare. 2022; 10(3):582. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030582
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahrabani, Shosh, Shiran Bord, Hanna Admi, and Michael Halberthal. 2022. "Physicians’ Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations: The Role of Emotions and Trust" Healthcare 10, no. 3: 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030582