Next Article in Journal
TFGCRN: Temporal–Frequency Graph Convolutional Recurrent Network for Incomplete Traffic Forecasting
Previous Article in Journal
Some Modified Mann-Type Inertial Forward–Backward Iterative Methods for Monotone Inclusion Problems
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Handwriting-Based Mathematical Assistant Software System Using Computer Vision Methods

Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54050, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mathematics 2025, 13(24), 4001; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13244001
Submission received: 27 October 2025 / Revised: 9 December 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: 15 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section E1: Mathematics and Computer Science)

Abstract

Mathematics is a discipline that forms the foundation of many fields and should be learned gradually, starting from early childhood. However, some subjects can be difficult to learn due to their abstract nature, the need for attention and planning, and math anxiety. Therefore, in this study, a system that contributes to mathematics teaching using computer vision approaches has been developed. In the proposed system, users can write operations directly in their own handwriting on the system interface, learn their results, or test the accuracy of their answers. They can also test themselves with random questions generated by the system. In addition, visual graph generation has been added to the system, ensuring that education is supported with visuals and made enjoyable. Besides the character recognition test, which is applied on public datasets, the system was also tested with images obtained from 22 different users, and successful results were observed. The study utilizes CNN networks for handwritten character detection and self-created image processing algorithms to organize the obtained characters into equations. The system can work with equations that include single and multiple unknowns, trigonometric functions, derivatives, integrals, etc. Operations can be performed, and successful results can be achieved even for users who write in italicized handwriting. Furthermore, equations written within each closed figure on the same page are evaluated locally. This allows multiple problems to be solved on the same page, providing a user-friendly approach. The system can be an assistant for improving performance in mathematics education.
Keywords: computer vision; artificial intelligence; OCR; math learning; handwritten math solver computer vision; artificial intelligence; OCR; math learning; handwritten math solver

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Alkan, A.; Oztel, G.Y. Handwriting-Based Mathematical Assistant Software System Using Computer Vision Methods. Mathematics 2025, 13, 4001. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13244001

AMA Style

Alkan A, Oztel GY. Handwriting-Based Mathematical Assistant Software System Using Computer Vision Methods. Mathematics. 2025; 13(24):4001. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13244001

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alkan, Ahmet, and Gozde Yolcu Oztel. 2025. "Handwriting-Based Mathematical Assistant Software System Using Computer Vision Methods" Mathematics 13, no. 24: 4001. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13244001

APA Style

Alkan, A., & Oztel, G. Y. (2025). Handwriting-Based Mathematical Assistant Software System Using Computer Vision Methods. Mathematics, 13(24), 4001. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13244001

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop