Cross-Regional Students’ Engagement and Teacher Relationships Across Online and In-School Learning
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Teacher–Student Relationship During Online Learning and In-School Learning
2.2. School Engagement During Online Learning and In-School Learning
2.3. Teacher–Student Relationships and School Engagement Across Learning Methods
2.4. The Present Study
3. Methodology
3.1. Collection and Samples
3.2. Questionnaire Design and Measures
3.3. Analytic Strategy
4. Results
4.1. Difference in Teacher–Student Relationships, School Engagement, and Other Factors
4.2. Structural Equation Model of Teacher–Student Relationships and School Engagement
5. Discussion
5.1. The Results of Teacher–Student Relationships During Online Learning and In-School Learning
5.2. The Results of School Engagement During Online Learning and In-School Learning
5.3. The Association Between Teacher–Student Relationships and School Engagement During Online Learning and In-School Learning
5.4. The Effects of Other Factors on Teacher–Student Relationships and School Engagement
6. Conclusions
7. Limitation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Learning Methods | Range | Mean ± SD | F | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teacher–Student Relationships | Online Learning | (1.29–5.00) | 3.90 ± 0.646 | 1.895 | 0.170 | |
In-school learning | (1.57–5.00) | 3.79 ± 0.613 | ||||
School Engagement | Cognitive engagement | Online Learning | (1.33–5.00) | 3.59 ± 0.600 | 0.074 | 0.786 |
In-school learning | (2.00–5.00) | 3.56 ± 0.561 | ||||
Behavioral engagement | Online Learning | (1.33–5.00) | 3.62 ± 0.625 | 1.182 | 0.278 | |
In-school learning | (2.00–5.00) | 3.71 ± 0.602 | ||||
Affective engagement | Online Learning | (1.86–5.00) | 3.68 ± 0.573 | 5.056 | 0.025 | |
In-school learning | (1.71–5.00) | 3.85 ± 0.599 |
Latent Variables in AE | Learning Methods | Range | Mean ± SD | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I love my school | Online Learning | (2–5) | 4.30 ± 0.681 | 16.456 | <0.0005 |
In-school learning | (2–5) | 3.93 ± 0.719 | |||
I am proud to be a student at this school | Online Learning | (1–5) | 4.08 ± 0.875 | 4.641 | 0.032 |
In-school learning | (2–5) | 3.86 ± 0.737 | |||
I am happy to come to this school | Online Learning | (1–5) | 4.28 ± 0.758 | 12.247 | 0.001 |
In-school learning | (2–5) | 3.96 ± 0.679 | |||
I think what we are learning in online/school course is interesting | Online Learning | (1–5) | 3.46 ± 0.888 | 7.810 | 0.006 |
In-school learning | (1–5) | 3.74 ± 0.667 | |||
I like what I am learning in online/school course | Online Learning | (1–5) | 3.28 ± 0.898 | 23.421 | <0.0005 |
In-school learning | (2–5) | 3.77 ± 0.658 | |||
I am happy to be at online/school course | Online Learning | (1–5) | 3.03 ± 0.991 | 59.341 | <0.0005 |
In-school learning | (2–5) | 3.88 ± 0.712 |
Environmental Variables | Online Learning | In-School Learning | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
When I learn at home/at school, I felt nervous, anxious, or tense to study | 26.70% | 38.30% | 3.750 | 0.054 |
When I learn at home/at school, I cannot locate the materials I need for my homework | 10.80% | 2.50% | 6.831 | 0.010 |
When I learn at home/at school, I cannot find a quiet area | 8.30% | 5.00% | 1.067 | 0.303 |
When I learn at home/at school, I don’t have enough space for me to work | 10.00% | 3.30% | 4.327 | 0.039 |
When I learn at home/at school, I don’t have enough time to finish my learning tasks | 17.50% | 45.00% | 22.965 | <0.0005 |
Construct | Path Coefficient | T-Statistic | p-Value | Adjusted R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Online Learning | TSC→AE | 0.619 | 14.451 | <0.0005 | 0.378 |
TSC→BE | 0.600 | 8.341 | <0.0005 | 0.355 | |
TSC→CE | 0.521 | 9.020 | <0.0005 | 0.265 | |
In-school learning | TSC→AE | 0.735 | 11.373 | <0.0005 | 0.536 |
TSC→BE | 0.610 | 8.289 | <0.0005 | 0.367 | |
TSC→CE | 0.566 | 8.043 | <0.0005 | 0.315 |
Online Learning | In-School Learning | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
TSC→CE | 0.468 *** | 0.527 *** | 0.597 |
TSC→BE | 0.576 *** | 0.572 *** | 0.969 |
TSC→AE | 0.576 *** | 0.724 *** | 0.160 |
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Hu, H.; Wang, Y.; Jacquet, W. Cross-Regional Students’ Engagement and Teacher Relationships Across Online and In-School Learning. Educ. Sci. 2025, 15, 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15080993
Hu H, Wang Y, Jacquet W. Cross-Regional Students’ Engagement and Teacher Relationships Across Online and In-School Learning. Education Sciences. 2025; 15(8):993. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15080993
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Huiqi, Yijun Wang, and Wolfgang Jacquet. 2025. "Cross-Regional Students’ Engagement and Teacher Relationships Across Online and In-School Learning" Education Sciences 15, no. 8: 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15080993
APA StyleHu, H., Wang, Y., & Jacquet, W. (2025). Cross-Regional Students’ Engagement and Teacher Relationships Across Online and In-School Learning. Education Sciences, 15(8), 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15080993