Functional Prestige in Sociolinguistic Evaluative Judgements Among Adult Second Language Speakers in Austria: Evidence from Perception
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Aim and Research Questions
- RQ1:
- To what extent do adult L2 speakers’ attitudinal patterns regarding standard German and dialect varieties display (signs of) ‘functional prestige’?
- RQ1a:
- To what extent is the dialect-speaking salesperson judged as more friendly than the standard German-speaking salesperson?
- RQ1b:
- To what extent is the standard German-speaking doctor judged as more intelligent than the dialect-speaking doctor?
- RQ2:
- To what extent do differences in self-reported standard German and Austro-Bavarian dialect proficiency (i.e., varietal proficiency) predict the acquisition of attitudinal patterns suggestive of functional prestige?
- RQ2a:
- To what extent is the dialect-speaking salesperson judged as more friendly than the standard German-speaking salesperson as a function of self-reported varietal proficiency?
- RQ2b:
- To what extent is the standard German-speaking doctor judged as more intelligent than the dialect-speaking doctor as a function of self-reported varietal proficiency?
3.2. Participants
3.3. Tasks and Procedure
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. To What Extent Do L2 Speakers Acquire Attitudinal Patterns Suggestive of Functional Prestige?
- H1. The dialect-speaking salesperson is judged as more friendly than the standard German-speaking salesperson (i.e., dialect is perceived as more friendly in a solidarity-stressing context than is the standard German variety).
- H2. The standard German-speaking doctor is judged as more intelligent than the dialect-speaking doctor (i.e., standard German is perceived as more intelligent in a status-stressing context than is the dialect variety).
4.2. To What Extent Does Self-Reported Proficiency Predict the Acquisition of Attitudinal Patterns Suggestive of Functional Prestige?
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Note that in German-speaking sociolinguistics, the term ‘dialect’ is used in the spirit of ‘local base dialect’ or ‘local vernacular’ and is not synonymous to ‘any language variety’. Additionally, we employ the term ‘Bavarian’ in its dialectological sense. It refers to eastern varieties of Upper German, which are spoken in most parts of Austria. |
2 | For more detailed information about the strengths of Bayesian data analysis over Frequentist methods, the interested reader is referred to McElreath (2015) as well as to Vasishth et al. (2018), Franke and Roettger (2019), and Garcia (2021) for tutorials on Bayesian inferential statistics geared towards the language sciences. For conceptual advantages of Bayesian analysis in sociolinguistics and SLA, we refer readers to Gudmestad et al. (2013) and Wirtz and Pfenninger (2023). |
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Mean | Median | SD | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-reported standard German proficiency | 61.4 | 64.8 | 24.3 | 5.0–100.0 |
Self-reported dialect proficiency | 23.8 | 15.0 | 23.0 | 0.0–97.8 |
Age | 31.8 | 28.5 | 10.7 | 19.0–71.0 |
Age of onset (for German) | 24.3 | 22.5 | 11.5 | 1.6–58.0 |
Length of German acquisition (years) | 7.4 | 5.0 | 8.2 | 0.0–54.0 |
Length of residence (LoR) | 4.9 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 0.1–43.5 |
Variety | Stimuli |
---|---|
Salesperson | |
Standard German | Guten Morgen! [ˈguːtn̩ ˈmɔʁgŋ̩] Was hätten Sie denn gern? [ʋas ˈhɛtn̩ siː dən gɛʁn] Ich könnt Ihnen heute den Bergkäse aus Heumilch empfehlen, [ɪç kʰœnt ˈiːnən ˈhɔʏ̯tə dən ˈbɛʁk̚ˌkɛːsə aʊ̯s ˈhɔʏ̯mɪlç ɛmpˈfɛːln̩] der wäre heute im Angebot. [dɛːɐ̯ ˈʋɛːʁə ˈhɔʏ̯tə ɪm ˈaŋgəboːt] Möchten Sie einmal kosten? [ˈmøçtn̩ siː ˈaɪ̯mmaːl ˈkʰostn̩] Ich schneide Ihnen ein kleines Stück ab. [ɪç ˈʃnaɪ̯də ˈiːnən aɪ̯n ˈkʰlaɪ̯nəs ʃtʏkʰ ap] Sie werden sehen, [siː ˈʋɛːɐ̯dn̩ ˈsɛːən] das ist etwas ganz Gutes. [das ɪst ˈɛtʋas gans ˈguːtəs] |
Austro-Bavarian Dialect | Gua Morgn! [gʊ ˈmɔːɐ̯ŋ̩] Wos hättens denn gern? [ʋɔːs ˈhɛːdn̩s dɛn gɛːɐ̯n] I kunnt eana heit den Bergkas aus Heimüch empföhn. [ɪ kʰʊnt ˈɛːɐ̯nɐ haːɪ̯d̚ dɛn ˈbɛːɐ̯g̚ˌkʰaːs aʊ̯s ˈhaɪ̯myːç ɛmpˈfœːʏ̯n] Der war heit im Angebot. [dɛːɐ̯ ʋaː haːɪ̯d ɪm ˈɔŋgɛboːd] Mechtens amou kostn? [ˈmɛçtn̩s ˈamɔɪ̯ ˈkʰostn̩] I schneid eana a kloans Stückerl owa. [iː ʃnaːɪ̯d ˈɛːɐ̯nɐ ɐ klɔ̃ːɐ̯̃s ˈʃtɪkɐl ˈɔːʋɐ] Werdns sehn, [ˈʋɛːɐ̯dn̩s ˈsɛːn̩] des is gonz wos Guads. [deːs iːs gɔns ʋɔːs gʊːa̯ds] |
English (literal translation) | Good morning! What would you like? Today I can recommend the mountain cheese made from hay milk, which would be on sale today. Would you like a taste? I’ll cut you a small piece. You’ll see, it’s something really good. |
Doctor | |
Standard German | Grüß Gott! [gʁyːs gɔt] Ich bin der Herr Doktor Falch. [ɪç bɪn dɛːɐ̯ hɛɐ̯ ˈdɔktɐ̯ fɐlç] Jetzt haben Sie leider ein bisschen warten müssen. [jɛt͡s haːm̩ siː ˈlaɪ̯dɐ aɪ̯n ˈbɪsçən ˈʋaːtn̩ ˈmʏsn̩] Ich habe gerade noch schnell eine Überweisung und einen Befund geschrieben. [ɪç haːbə gəˈʁaːdə nɔx ʃnɛl ˈaɪ̯nə ˌyːbɐˈʋaɪ̯sʊŋ ʊnt ˈaɪ̯nn̩ bəˈfʊnt gəˈʃʁiːbm̩] Die Patientin vor Ihnen hat das ganz dringend gebraucht. [diː paˈt͡si̯ɛntɪn fɔɐ̯ ˈiːnən hat̚ das gans ˈdʁɪŋənt gəˈbʁaʊ̯xt] Aber jetzt hab ich Zeit für Sie. [ˈaːbɐ jɛt͡st hap ɪç t͡saɪ̯t fyːɐ siː] |
Austro-Bavarian Dialect | Griaß God! [gʁɪa̯s gɔːd] I bin da Herr Doktor Falch. [iː bɪn dɐ hɛɐ̯ ˈdɔktɐ̯ falç] Jetzt homs leider a bissi wortn miassn. [ɪɐ̯t͡s hɔːms ˈlaɪ̯dɐ ɐ ˈbɪsl̩ ˈʋɔɐ̯tn̩ ˈmɪɐ̯sn̩] I hob grod no schö a Überweisung und an Befund gschriebn. [iː hɔːb gʁɔːd noː ʃnœː ɐ ˌyːbɐˈʋaɪ̯sʊŋ ʊnd ɐn bɛˈfʊnt ˈgʃʁiːbm̩] Die Patientin vor eana hot des gonz dringend braucht. [diː paˈt͡si̯ɛntɪn fɔɐ̯ ˈɛːɐ̯nɐ hɔːd̚ deːs gɔns ˈdʁɪŋɛnt ˈbʁaʊ̯xt] Owa ietz hob i Zeit für Sie. [ˈɔːʋɐ jɛt͡s hɔːb iː t͡saːɪ̯d fyːɐ siː] |
English (literal translation) | Good morning! I am Dr Maier. Unfortunately, you had to wait a little while. I’ve just quickly written a referral and a report. The patient in front of you needed them urgently. But now I have time for you. |
Variety | Contextual Condition | Indexical Domain | Mean | Median | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dialect | Doctor | Friendliness | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.22 | 0.07–0.99 |
Dialect | Doctor | Intelligence | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.19 | 0.08–0.99 |
Dialect | Salesperson | Friendliness | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 0.15–0.99 |
Dialect | Salesperson | Intelligence | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 0.08–0.99 |
Standard | Doctor | Friendliness | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 0.07–0.99 |
Standard | Doctor | Intelligence | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.00–0.99 |
Standard | Salesperson | Friendliness | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.20 | 0.20–0.99 |
Standard | Salesperson | Intelligence | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.19 | 0.19–0.99 |
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Wirtz, M.A.; Ender, A. Functional Prestige in Sociolinguistic Evaluative Judgements Among Adult Second Language Speakers in Austria: Evidence from Perception. Languages 2025, 10, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10040067
Wirtz MA, Ender A. Functional Prestige in Sociolinguistic Evaluative Judgements Among Adult Second Language Speakers in Austria: Evidence from Perception. Languages. 2025; 10(4):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10040067
Chicago/Turabian StyleWirtz, Mason A., and Andrea Ender. 2025. "Functional Prestige in Sociolinguistic Evaluative Judgements Among Adult Second Language Speakers in Austria: Evidence from Perception" Languages 10, no. 4: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10040067
APA StyleWirtz, M. A., & Ender, A. (2025). Functional Prestige in Sociolinguistic Evaluative Judgements Among Adult Second Language Speakers in Austria: Evidence from Perception. Languages, 10(4), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10040067