Analysis and Design of Bat-Like Flapping-Wing Aircraft
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aerodynamic Modeling and Analysis of Bat-Like Flapping Aircraft
2.1. Rigid Swing Aerodynamic Model
2.2. Tail Deformation Aerodynamic Model
- (1)
- We ignore the influence of disturbing airflow in other directions than the relative incoming flow;
- (2)
- We ignore the impact of attitude changes on the aerodynamic force of the wing or tail during flight;
- (3)
- We treat the flapping of the wings and the movement of the tail as internal movements and ignore the influence of inertial forces;
- (4)
- We ignore the effect of atmospheric density changes caused by flight altitude and the effect of the Earth’s curvature caused by flight distance.
3. Aerodynamic Analysis of the Bat-Imitation Flapping-Wing Aircraft
3.1. Rigid Swing Aerodynamic Response
3.2. Aerodynamic Response of Tail Wing Pitch Angle
4. Design of Longitudinal Channel Controller for a Bat-like Ornithopter
4.1. Kinematic and Dynamic Modeling
4.2. System Stability Analysis
4.3. Longitudinal Pitch Angle Control Based on LQR
- (1)
- The system is reversible (m = p), stable, and has no variable zero at the origin.
- (2)
- The system has at least n − 2p different LHP zero points.
5. Simulation and Flight Test
5.1. Simulation Analysis
- The expected value of the pitch angle is given as .
- The dynamic expected pitch angle values are given , , , ,
5.2. Altitude Control
5.3. Altitude Control Simulation Analysis
5.4. Flight Test
6. Conclusions
7. Future Work
- (1)
- Completing the lateral channel modeling and controller design of our bat-like flapping aircraft;
- (2)
- Improving the airfoil shape and structure, adding a folding wing device, reducing the resistance in the upswing phase of the rigid swing, and increasing the overall lift in the cycle.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Parameter Name | Parameter Value |
---|---|
Initial flight speed | 5 m/s |
Initial flight angle of attack | 13° |
Flapping frequency | 10 Hz |
Maximum twist angle of trailing edge | ±7° |
Upshot amplitude | 45° |
Down shot amplitude | 15° |
SP (cm) | C (cm) | AR | |
---|---|---|---|
35 | 4.7 | 7.44 | 13.4 |
Variable | Definition | Variable | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
T | Thrust | Yaw velocity | |
Y | Lateral force | Angle of attack | |
D | Drag | Sideslip angle | |
L1 | Lift | Roll | |
p | Pitch velocity | Pitch | |
q | Roll velocity | Yaw |
External Force | ||
External Moment | ||
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Wang, F.; Pei, X.; Wu, G.; Bai, Y. Analysis and Design of Bat-Like Flapping-Wing Aircraft. Aerospace 2024, 11, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11040325
Wang F, Pei X, Wu G, Bai Y. Analysis and Design of Bat-Like Flapping-Wing Aircraft. Aerospace. 2024; 11(4):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11040325
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Fan, Xinbiao Pei, Guangxin Wu, and Yue Bai. 2024. "Analysis and Design of Bat-Like Flapping-Wing Aircraft" Aerospace 11, no. 4: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11040325
APA StyleWang, F., Pei, X., Wu, G., & Bai, Y. (2024). Analysis and Design of Bat-Like Flapping-Wing Aircraft. Aerospace, 11(4), 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11040325