Spatial Patterns of Childhood Obesity Prevalence in Relation to Socioeconomic Factors across England
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Research Data
2.2. Exploring Spatial Patterns of Childhood Obesity Prevalence
2.3. Investigating Spatial Associations of Childhood Obesity Prevalence and Socioeconomic Factors
2.3.1. Socioeconomic Factors
2.3.2. Model Selection and Estimation
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Patterns of Childhood Obesity Prevalence
3.2. Spatial Associations of Childhood Obesity Prevalence and Socioeconomic Factors
3.2.1. Test Results for the Presence of Spatial Autocorrelation in the Residuals of an OLS Model
3.2.2. Model Selection and Estimation
4. Discussion and Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Full Names | Year |
---|---|---|
PD | Population density (persons/hectare) | 2014 |
NW | Non-white population percentage | 2014 |
ANWHI | Average net weekly household income after housing costs (£) | 2014 |
NIE | Percentage of households with dependent children not in employment | 2011 |
WHEQ | Percent of adults without higher education qualifications | 2011 |
Variables | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
Prevalence of childhood obesity | 18.62 | 5.75 |
PD | 33.22 | 34.74 |
NW | 13.66 | 18 |
ANWHI | 496.22 | 113.14 |
NIE | 13.83 | 8.62 |
WHEQ | 72.91 | 11.42 |
Observed Moran’s I | P-Value |
---|---|
0.125 | <0.001 |
Coefficient | OLS | MESS-SAR (Matrix Exponential Spatial Specification of Spatial Autoregressive) | FRES-ESF (Fast Random Effects Specification of Eigenvector Spatial Filtering) |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 5.271 *** | 1.695 * | 6.205 *** |
PD | 0.021 *** | 0.019 *** | 0.02 *** |
NW | 0.077 *** | 0.067 *** | 0.072 *** |
ANWHI | −0.007 *** | −0.005 *** | −0.008 *** |
NIE | 0.172 *** | 0.167 *** | 0.150 *** |
WHEQ | 0.172 *** | 0.169 *** | 0.174 *** |
Adjusted R2 | 0.579 | 0.551 | 0.665 |
Akaike information criterion (AIC) | 37,039 | 36,930 | 36,947 |
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Sun, Y.; Hu, X.; Huang, Y.; On Chan, T. Spatial Patterns of Childhood Obesity Prevalence in Relation to Socioeconomic Factors across England. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100599
Sun Y, Hu X, Huang Y, On Chan T. Spatial Patterns of Childhood Obesity Prevalence in Relation to Socioeconomic Factors across England. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9(10):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100599
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Yeran, Xuke Hu, Ying Huang, and Ting On Chan. 2020. "Spatial Patterns of Childhood Obesity Prevalence in Relation to Socioeconomic Factors across England" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 10: 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100599