Examining Health Disparities and Severity of Depression among Sexual Minorites in a National Population Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Sexual Orientation
2.4. Depression
2.5. Demographic Characteristics
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sexual Orientation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | All (N = 7826) (N, %) | Heterosexual (N = 7400) (N, %) | GLB (N = 426) (N, %) | p-Value |
Age in yrs. (Mean, SE) | 39.8 (0.37) | 40.0 (0.28) | 36.2 (0.83) | <0.000 |
Age | ||||
<39 yrs. | 3822 (46.0) | 3545 (45.2) | 277 (59.0) | <0.001 |
≥39 yrs. | 4004 (54.0) | 3855 (54.8) | 149 (41.0) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 4055 (51.5) | 3896 (52.1) | 159 (41.9) | 0.004 |
Female | 3771 (48.5) | 3504 (47.9) | 267 (58.1) | |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Mexican American | 1047 (9.1)) | 1009 (9.3) | 38 (5.4) | 0.031 |
Other Hispanic | 722 (6.2) | 738 (6.3) | 34 (4.8) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 3112 (65.8) | 2917 (65.6) | 195 (70.5) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1773 (11.5) | 1670 (11.4) | 103 (11.9) | |
Other Race (including Multi-racial) | 1122 (7.4) | 1066 (7.4) | 56 (7.4) | |
Country of Birth | ||||
Born in the US | 5857 (84.8) | 5494 (84.4) | 363 (91.2) | <0.001 |
Born outside the US | 1965 (15.2) | 1902 (15.6) | 83 (8.8) | |
Citizenship Status | ||||
US Citizen | 6781 (91.8) | 6388 (91.5) | 393 (95.8) | <0.001 |
Not a US Citizen | 1027 (8.2) | 994 (8.5) | 33 (4.2) | |
Education | ||||
<11th Grade | 1284 (12.3) | 1234 (12.5) | 50 (9.3) | 0.141 |
High School Graduate/GED or Equivalent | 1681 (19.9) | 1579 (19.7) | 102 (22.2) | |
Some College or AA Degree | 2648 (34.4) | 2482 (34.2) | 166 (38.4) | |
College Graduate or above | 2213 (33.4) | 2105 (33.6) | 108 (30.1) | |
Health Insurance | ||||
Yes | 5783 (79.6) | 5476 (79.5) | 307 (80.9) | 0.558 |
No | 2038 (20.4) | 1919 (20.5) | 119 (19.1) | |
Poverty Income Ratio | ||||
<1.35 | 2406 (22.8) | 2248 (22.2) | 158 (31.6) | 0.002 |
1.35–1.849 | 795 (9.0) | 751 (9.0) | 44 (9.1) | |
1.85–2.99 | 1254 (17.4) | 1180 (17.4) | 74 (17.3) | |
≥3 | 2878 (50.9) | 2754 (51.4) | 133 (42.0) | |
Family Income | ||||
<USD 25,000 | 2313 (23.0) | 2154 (22.4) | 159 (31.6) | 0.002 |
USD 25,000–54,999 | 2153 (26.4) | 2021 (26.1) | 132 (31.8) | |
USD 55,000–99,999 | 1586 (23.4) | 1512 (23.7) | 74 (19.0) | |
≥USD 100,000 | 1496 (27.2) | 1446 (27.8) | 50 (17.6) | |
Marital Status | ||||
Married | 3747 (52.8) | 3663 (54.6) | 84 (22.7) | <0.001 |
Never Married | 1998 (22.5) | 1790 (21.2) | 208 (44.0) | |
Other * | 2079 (24.8) | 1945 (24.2) | 134 (33.3) |
Sexual Orientation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | All (N = 7826) (N, %) | Heterosexual (N = 7400) (N, %) | GLB (N = 426) (N, %) | p-Value |
Seen mental health professional/past year | ||||
Yes | 742 (9.9) | 657 (9.3) | 85 (19.4) | <0.001 |
No | 7083 (90.1) | 6742 (90.7) | 341 (80.6) | |
Ever told by doctor you had gonorrhea | ||||
Yes | 29 (0.3) | 27 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0.092 |
No | 7795 (99.7) | 7371 (99.7) | 424 (99.7) | |
Ever told by doctor you had chlamydia | ||||
Yes | 96 (1.0) | 85 (1.0) | 11 (2.2) | 0.054 |
No | 7727 (99.0) | 7312 (99.0) | 415 (97.8) | |
Ever told by doctor you had genital herpes | ||||
Yes | 333 (4.9) | 300 (4.7) | 33 (8.3) | 0.015 |
No | 7493 (95.1) | 7100 (95.3) | 393 (91.7) | |
Ever used cocaine/heroin/ methamphetamine | ||||
Yes | 1584 (22.8) | 1453 (22.1) | 131 (34.1) | <0.001 |
No | 6230 (77.2) | 5936 (77.9) | 294 (65.9) | |
Ever used a needle to inject illegal drug | ||||
Yes | 197 (2.9) | 179 (2.8) | 18 (3.4) | 0.570 |
No | 7625 (97.1) | 7217 (97.2) | 408 (96.6) | |
Do you now smoke cigarettes? | ||||
Every Day | 1638 (41.7) | 1511 (41.2) | 127 (48.7) | 0.171 |
Some Days | 421(11.2) | 396 (11.3) | 25 (10.3) | |
Not at All | 1514 (47.0) | 1430 (47.5) | 84 (40.9) | |
Ever had 4/5 more alcoholic drinks? | ||||
Yes | 1267 (16.4) | 1181 (16.3) | 86 (18.9) | 0.332 |
No | 6559 (83.6) | 6219 (83.7) | 340 (81.1) |
Item | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
1. Little interest in doing things | 1.76 (1.22–2.54) | 0.003 |
2. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | 2.45 (1.69–3.54) | <0.001 |
3. Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much | 1.30 (1.02–1.64) | 0.032 |
4. Feeling tired or having little energy | 1.59 (1.13–2.23) | 0.008 |
5. Poor appetite or overeating | 1.72 (1.20–2.47) | 0.004 |
6. Feeling bad about yourself | 2.95 (2.03–4.29) | <0.001 |
7. Trouble concentrating on things | 2.26 (1.59–3.22) | <0.001 |
8. Moving or speaking slowly or too fast | 2.41 (1.42–4.11) | 0.002 |
9. Thought you would be better off dead | 2.69 (1.22–5.89) | 0.015 |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Sexual Minorities | 1.78 (1.19–2.64) | 0.005 |
Age | 1.47 (1.18–1.82) | 0.001 |
Gender | 2.06 (1.64–2.58) | <0.001 |
Marital Status | 1.23 (1.13–1.35) | <0.001 |
Education | 0.76 (0.67–0.87) | <0.001 |
Family Income | 0.60 (0.53–0.69) | <0.001 |
Country of Birth | 0.50 (0.38–0.67) | <0.001 |
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Sakharkar, P.; Friday, K. Examining Health Disparities and Severity of Depression among Sexual Minorites in a National Population Sample. Diseases 2022, 10, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040086
Sakharkar P, Friday K. Examining Health Disparities and Severity of Depression among Sexual Minorites in a National Population Sample. Diseases. 2022; 10(4):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040086
Chicago/Turabian StyleSakharkar, Prashant, and Kafi Friday. 2022. "Examining Health Disparities and Severity of Depression among Sexual Minorites in a National Population Sample" Diseases 10, no. 4: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040086
APA StyleSakharkar, P., & Friday, K. (2022). Examining Health Disparities and Severity of Depression among Sexual Minorites in a National Population Sample. Diseases, 10(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040086