Transformer Winding Fault Locating Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) Technology
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Theory and Modeling
2.1. Measurement and Conversion
2.2. Transmission Line Model
- Inductance : determined by the geometry (conductor radius and height );
- Resistance : determined by the winding conductivity;
- Capacitance : determined by the geometry and insulation property ;
- Loss: determined by the insulation loss.
3. Results
3.1. Twist Pair Cable
3.2. Power Transformer
- The dissipation factor testing indicated the short circuit of the LV winding to the ground. The HV winding to LV winding and ground was good;
- The winding resistance results of the HV windings were good, with a maximum phase difference of 1.96%. The maximum difference between the LV windings was 69.9%, which indicated the existence of faults;
- The SFRA testing suggested that both windings were slightly distorted (suspected distortion). The deviation of the three phase responses started from 550 kHz.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Tap No./Resistance () | A-N | B-N | C-N | Difference (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 480.1 | 477.1 | 484.2 | 1.41 |
9 (Nominal) | 428.4 | 430.1 | 434.7 | 1.40 |
17 | 479.1 | 481.4 | 480.2 | 0.42 |
Tap No./Resistance () | A-N | B-N | C-N | Difference (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8.928 | 17.04 | 8.912 | 69.9 |
Tap No./Resistance () | A-N | B-N | C-N | Difference (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
9 (Nominal) | 27.611 | 28.30 | 27.568 | 1.90 |
Capacitance | ||
---|---|---|
CHL + CHG | 10,120 | 0.241 |
CLH + CLG | / 1 | / 1 |
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Yun, H.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, L.; Xu, L.; Zhang, D.; Cheng, J. Transformer Winding Fault Locating Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) Technology. Electronics 2025, 14, 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153117
Yun H, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang L, Xu L, Zhang D, Cheng J. Transformer Winding Fault Locating Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) Technology. Electronics. 2025; 14(15):3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153117
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun, Hao, Yizhou Zhang, Yufei Sun, Liang Wang, Lulin Xu, Daning Zhang, and Jialu Cheng. 2025. "Transformer Winding Fault Locating Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) Technology" Electronics 14, no. 15: 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153117
APA StyleYun, H., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Xu, L., Zhang, D., & Cheng, J. (2025). Transformer Winding Fault Locating Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) Technology. Electronics, 14(15), 3117. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153117