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Volume 14
Issue 3
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Resources, Volume 14, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 18 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The accurate characterization of pollution in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater treatment plants is considered essential to their monitoring. In this work, the negative interference of oxychlorides in COD measurements has been evaluated at a laboratory scale. The experimental values of COD removal performance should be regarded as dual concentration-dependent. On the one hand, for each oxidizing agent, COD reduction performance is directly proportional to the dosage used in the experiment. On the other hand, the influence of organic matter concentration on COD removal performance is inversely proportional. These results can be useful in appropriately evaluating the performance of wastewater treatment plants. View this paper
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23 pages, 1801 KiB  
Article
Model for Assessing Efficiency of Processing Geo-Resources, Providing Full Cycle for Development—Case Study in Russia
by Cheynesh Kongar-Syuryun, Nikita Babyr, Roman Klyuev, Marat Khayrutdinov, Vladislav Zaalishvili and Valery Agafonov
Resources 2025, 14(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030051 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
The environmental impact and occurrence of frequent ecological disasters have prompted a reassessment of societal values in the modern era. There has been a shift in the economic model, moving away from the pursuit of extensive growth towards a sustainable development model that [...] Read more.
The environmental impact and occurrence of frequent ecological disasters have prompted a reassessment of societal values in the modern era. There has been a shift in the economic model, moving away from the pursuit of extensive growth towards a sustainable development model that prioritizes the preservation of the natural balance. This issue is of particular relevance in regions where mining activities are prevalent. In such regions, mining enterprises exert a considerable burden on the ecosystem, acting as significant sources of industrial waste. In light of the aforementioned considerations, the objective of this study is to develop a model for assessing the efficiency of industrial geo-resource recycling, taking into account both environmental and economic factors. The methodology is founded upon the principles of the efficient and comprehensive exploitation of natural and industrial geo-resources, in alignment with the tenets of sustainable development and the theoretical tenets of a cyclic economy. The methodology for assessing the efficiency of geo-resource recycling is based on the following three principal analytical approaches: economic and statistical, structural and logical, and comparative. The article examines the genesis of industrial waste, delineates the divergent patterns of the accumulation and utilization of mining waste, and classifies categories of industrial waste. The principal stages of the feasibility study are delineated, an algorithm is devised, and a model for evaluating the efficacy of industrial raw material recycling is proposed. The enumerated factors facilitate the recommendation of the model in the selection of the most optimal investment project in industrial geo-resource recycling. Full article
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17 pages, 3507 KiB  
Article
The Contribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Soil Enzyme Activity and the Performance of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia in Soil Degraded by Scheelite Mining: Implications for Restoration
by Kaio Gráculo Vieira Garcia, Murilo de Sousa Almeida, Francisco Luan Almeida Barbosa and Arthur Prudêncio de Araujo Pereira
Resources 2025, 14(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030050 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
Mining activity severely degrades soil, increases heavy metal contamination, and hinders ecological recovery. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) offer a promising strategy for restoration, but their use in Fabaceae plants, especially in mine-degraded soils, remains underexplored. This study evaluated AMF inoculation effects on soil [...] Read more.
Mining activity severely degrades soil, increases heavy metal contamination, and hinders ecological recovery. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) offer a promising strategy for restoration, but their use in Fabaceae plants, especially in mine-degraded soils, remains underexplored. This study evaluated AMF inoculation effects on soil enzymes and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia growth in Scheelite-mining-degraded soil. In a 10-weeks greenhouse experiment, plants were grown with different AMF species (Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora foveata, Rhizoglomus clarum, and Mix—a combination of the three species) and without inoculation. Growth parameters, seedling quality, mycorrhizal attributes, enzymatic activity, and stoichiometry were assessed. Inoculated plants showed a greater growth compared with the control. The highest spore abundances occurred in Mix (2820), R. clarum (2261), and A. foveata (2318), with the mycorrhizal colonization highest in Mix (25.78%) and R. clarum (25.70%). The Dickson quality index was higher in R. clarum and A. foveata. The enzymatic activity varied compared with the control: β-glucosidase was higher in Mix (+62%) and A. foveata (+46%); arylsulfatase and urease increased in all AMF treatments; and acid phosphatase was highest in R. clarum (+121%). A stoichiometry and vector analysis indicated a lower P limitation in Mix and A. foveata, reflecting the trade-off between P availability and symbiotic costs. These findings highlight the biotechnological potential of AMF, particularly Mix and R. clarum, in enhancing the M. caesalpiniaefolia growth and soil enzymatic activity in mining-degraded areas. Full article
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23 pages, 4703 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Hydropower Potential in the Upper Indus Basin: A Geographic Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Sustainable Water Resources in Pakistan
by Asim Qayyum Butt, Donghui Shangguan, Muhammad Waseem, Adnan Abbas, Abhishek Banerjee and Nilesh Yadav
Resources 2025, 14(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030049 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 989
Abstract
The development of hydropower projects is crucial to addressing Pakistan’s ongoing energy and financial crises. Despite the country’s abundant hydropower resources, particularly in the northern regions, these have not been adequately explored, while energy consumption and supply issues have persisted for the past [...] Read more.
The development of hydropower projects is crucial to addressing Pakistan’s ongoing energy and financial crises. Despite the country’s abundant hydropower resources, particularly in the northern regions, these have not been adequately explored, while energy consumption and supply issues have persisted for the past two decades. Focusing on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-7): “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy”, this study aimed to assess the hydropower potential at suitable sites in the Upper Indus Basin (Pakistan) by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDM). This study not only focused on estimating hydropower but also considered the environmental constraints at all sites by using the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool, which used the location and constraint criteria, along with benefit and cost criteria. The methodology combines technical evaluations (head and discharge) with environmental constraints to prioritize sustainable hydropower development. Key findings identify sites 17, 15, 16, 5, and 6 as the most promising locations, balancing energy generation with minimal environmental impact. This study provides a replicable framework for policymakers to harness hydropower resources responsibly, contributing to Pakistan’s energy security and aligning with global Sustainable Development Goals. This approach not only bridges the gap between technical feasibility and environmental sustainability but also offers a model for other regions facing similar energy challenges. Full article
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23 pages, 5048 KiB  
Article
Coffee By-Products and Chitosan for Preventing Contamination for Botrytis sp. and Rhizopus sp. in Blueberry Commercialization
by Gonzalo Hernández-López and Laura Leticia Barrera-Necha
Resources 2025, 14(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030048 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 870
Abstract
In blueberry storage, non-biodegradable synthetic plastic packaging is used for commercializing this product. The fungi Botrytis sp. and Rhizopus sp. can cause significant losses in postharvest blueberry commercialization. Consequently, the formulations of degradable polymeric based on polylactic acid (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) 60/40 (PP) [...] Read more.
In blueberry storage, non-biodegradable synthetic plastic packaging is used for commercializing this product. The fungi Botrytis sp. and Rhizopus sp. can cause significant losses in postharvest blueberry commercialization. Consequently, the formulations of degradable polymeric based on polylactic acid (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) 60/40 (PP) with coffee parchment (CP), green coffee bean oil (GCBO), chitosan solution (Ch), chitosan nanoparticles (ChNp), and nanostructured coating (NC) were used to develop biodegradable polymer matrix (PM). Caffeine and hexadecanoic acid were identified as principal compounds in GCBO, and the principal compounds in CP were flavonoids, terpenes, and lignans. The 100% mycelial growth inhibition to Botrytis sp. and Rhizopus sp. was observed using GCBO, Ch, ChNp, and NC in high concentrations. GCBO inhibited 100% of spore production in both fungi at all evaluated doses. In the in vivo tests, when compared to the control, the better treatments were: CP for Botrytis sp., with an incidence of 46.6% and a severity of 16%; and Ch for Rhizopus sp., with an incidence of 13.3% and a severity of 0.86%. The PM in the culture medium presented a fungistatic effect. The principal inhibition of mycelial growth (63%) on Botrytis sp. was with PLA/PBAT+NC (PP+NC), and (100%) was observed with PLA/PBAT+CP+NC (PPCP+NC), PP, and PP+NC on Rhizopus sp. Coffee by-products and PM have potential for the control of postharvest fungi in fruits and vegetables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Extraction from Agricultural Products/Waste: 2nd Edition)
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38 pages, 2095 KiB  
Review
Energy Recovery from Organic Wastes Using Microbial Fuel Cells: Traditional and Nonconventional Organic Substrates
by Wilgince Apollon, Iryna Rusyn, Noris Evelin Paucar, Monte Hibbert, Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj and Chikashi Sato
Resources 2025, 14(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030047 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are environmentally friendly energy converters that use electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) as catalysts to break down organic matter while producing bioelectricity. Traditionally, MFC research has relied on simple organic substrates, such as acetate, glucose, sucrose, butyrate, and glutamate, the [...] Read more.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are environmentally friendly energy converters that use electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) as catalysts to break down organic matter while producing bioelectricity. Traditionally, MFC research has relied on simple organic substrates, such as acetate, glucose, sucrose, butyrate, and glutamate, the production of which involves energy-intensive, CO2-dependent processes and chemically aggressive methods. In contrast, nonconventional waste streams offer a more sustainable alternative as feedstocks, aligning with zero-waste and regenerative agricultural principles. This review highlights the potential of nonconventional organic wastes, such as fruit and vegetable wastes, raw human and livestock urine, and farm manure, as globally available and low-cost substrates for MFCs, particularly in household and farming applications at small-scale waste levels. Furthermore, complex waste sources, including hydrocarbon-contaminated effluents and lignin-rich industrial wood waste, which present unique challenges and opportunities for their integration into MFC systems, were examined in depth. The findings of this review reveal that MFCs utilizing nonconventional substrates can achieve power outputs comparable to traditional substrates (e.g., 8314 mW m−2–25,195 mW m−2 for crude sugarcane effluent and raw distillery effluent, respectively) and even superior to them, reaching up to 88,990 mW m−2 in MFCs utilizing vegetable waste. Additionally, MFCs utilizing hydrocarbon-containing petroleum sediment achieved one of the highest reported maximum power densities of 50,570 mW m−2. By integrating diverse organic waste streams, MFCs can contribute to carbon-neutral energy generation and sustainable waste management practices. Full article
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11 pages, 1310 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Alternative Oxidants for Artificial Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal Performance from Wastewater Treatment Plants
by Julio Alejandro Gutiérrez González, Angel Fernández Mohedano and Francisco Raposo Bejines
Resources 2025, 14(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030046 - 10 Mar 2025
Viewed by 647
Abstract
The accurate characterization of pollution in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater treatment plants is considered as a key topic for their monitoring. In this research work, the negative interference of oxychlorides in COD measurements has been evaluated at a laboratory [...] Read more.
The accurate characterization of pollution in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater treatment plants is considered as a key topic for their monitoring. In this research work, the negative interference of oxychlorides in COD measurements has been evaluated at a laboratory scale. Specifically, the role of oxychlorides as alternative oxidizing agents in competition with dichromate has been assessed. The extent of COD reduction performance varied widely (40–100%) according to the particular oxychloride oxidizing reagent used and its concentration, as well as the organic carbon source and amount present in the wastewater. The experimental values of COD removal performance should be considered as dual concentration dependent. On the one hand, for each oxidizing agent, the COD reduction performance is directly proportional to the dosage used in the experiment. On the other hand, the influence of organic matter concentration on COD removal performance was inversely proportional. In addition, chlorate can be considered the strongest oxidizing agent and the principal interferent responsible for the overevaluation of COD removal performance. Furthermore, the interference extent of oxychlorides on COD determination decreased in the order of phthalate > hydrocarbons > proteins. These results can be useful to appropriately evaluate the performance of wastewater treatment plants. Full article
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23 pages, 7745 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Interplay Between Food Provision and Habitat Quality Assessment for Sustainable Coexistence in the Bioproduction Systems of the Philippines
by Mesfin Sahle, Nico R. Almarines, Shruti Ashish Lahoti, Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr., Juan M. Pulhin and Osamu Saito
Resources 2025, 14(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030045 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 758
Abstract
Balancing human activities and ecosystem health is critical amid increasing biodiversity concerns. This study explores the relationship between food provision and habitat quality in bioproduction systems in the Philippines, focusing on the Pagsanjan-Lumban Watershed (PLW) and the Baroro Watershed (BW). Using the TerrSet [...] Read more.
Balancing human activities and ecosystem health is critical amid increasing biodiversity concerns. This study explores the relationship between food provision and habitat quality in bioproduction systems in the Philippines, focusing on the Pagsanjan-Lumban Watershed (PLW) and the Baroro Watershed (BW). Using the TerrSet Land Change Modeler for LULC projections, the InVEST model for habitat quality assessment, and statistical analysis of disaggregated crop production data, this study evaluates the synergies and trade-offs between food provision and biodiversity conservation. The findings reveal that LULC changes—such as shifts in annual crops, built-up areas, forests, and agroforestry systems—impact ecosystem health. Habitat quality in the PLW shows temporal degradation, while the BW remains relatively stable. Food production trends indicate fluctuating yields in the PLW, with a decline in the BW. Correlation analysis highlights trade-offs between food provision and habitat quality in the PLW, whereas the BW exhibits a positive correlation, suggesting potential synergies. These findings emphasize the importance of place-based strategies to reconcile food production and biodiversity conservation, ensuring sustainable bioproduction systems that support both ecosystem health and food security. Full article
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19 pages, 224 KiB  
Editorial
A Review of the Key Findings from the Special Issue on “Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Resource Recovery from Waste Management Systems in the Context of Circular Models of the Economy and the Bioeconomy”
by Carlo Ingrao, Alberto Bezama, Annarita Paiano, Jakob Hildebrandt and Claudia Arcidiacono
Resources 2025, 14(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030044 - 6 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 750
Abstract
The economy over the last century and a half has followed the take–make–use–dispose model, which, as known, leads to the unresponsible, uncontrolled extraction of resources for production and consumption, with no effective plans for waste reutilisation and economy regeneration (Wojnarowska et al [...] [...] Read more.
The economy over the last century and a half has followed the take–make–use–dispose model, which, as known, leads to the unresponsible, uncontrolled extraction of resources for production and consumption, with no effective plans for waste reutilisation and economy regeneration (Wojnarowska et al [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Resource Recovery from Waste Management Systems in the Context of Circular Models of the Economy and the Bioeconomy)
17 pages, 3112 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Hydrogen Production Potential in a Zeolite Assisted Two-Phase Dark and Photo-Fermentation Process from Urban Waste Mixture
by Marco Gottardo, Navid Khorramian, Paolo Pavan, Federico Battista, David Bolzonella, Roberto Lauri and Francesco Valentino
Resources 2025, 14(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030043 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 647
Abstract
Waste-based sustainable solutions proposed by scientific and industrial communities for energy production are an approach that can respond to the growing concerns regarding climate change and fossil resources depletion. This study investigates a two-phase bioprocess combining dark fermentation (DF) and photo-fermentation (PF) to [...] Read more.
Waste-based sustainable solutions proposed by scientific and industrial communities for energy production are an approach that can respond to the growing concerns regarding climate change and fossil resources depletion. This study investigates a two-phase bioprocess combining dark fermentation (DF) and photo-fermentation (PF) to enhance hydrogen yield while anaerobically treating urban organic food waste and sewage sludge. A key objective was to assess the effect of waste composition and temperature on hydrogen accumulation, with particular attention to the fermentation product and the role of zeolite in improving process efficiency. In the DF stage, the addition of zeolite significantly enhanced hydrogen production by increasing microbial activity and improving substrate bioavailability. As a result, hydrogen production increased up to 27.3 mmol H2/(L d) under thermophilic conditions. After the suspended solids were removed from the dark fermentation broth, a photo-fermentation step driven by a pure strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris was performed under permanent IR light and different substrate-to-inoculum [S/I] ratios. The maximum hydrogen production rate was 9.33 mmol H2/(L d), when R. palustris was inoculated at the lowest [S/I] ratio (<20 COD/COD) and with 0.5 g VSS/L as the initial concentration. This condition in the photo-fermentation process led to an increase in the hydrogen yield up to 35% compared to values obtained from dark fermentation alone. Full article
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25 pages, 1098 KiB  
Article
Chemical Diversity in Essential Oils of 40 Artemisia Species from Western and Trans Himalayan Regions of India
by Bushan Kumar, Ishfaq Ahmad Wani, Javaid Fayaz Lone, Kota Srinivas and Sumeet Gairola
Resources 2025, 14(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030042 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 743
Abstract
The genus Artemisia L. (tribe Anthemidea), belonging to the family Asteraceae, has a rich diversity of essential oil-bearing species distributed throughout the Western Himalayan (WH) and Trans-Himalayan (TH) regions of India. The present study evaluated the essential oils of the eighty-one accessions representing [...] Read more.
The genus Artemisia L. (tribe Anthemidea), belonging to the family Asteraceae, has a rich diversity of essential oil-bearing species distributed throughout the Western Himalayan (WH) and Trans-Himalayan (TH) regions of India. The present study evaluated the essential oils of the eighty-one accessions representing 40 Artemisia spp. from India’s WH and TH regions for their essential oil yield, chemical composition, and variability among and within the species. The essential oil yield ranged between 0.02% and 1.65%. One hundred fifty-five major compounds identified by GC-MS technique accounted for 81–100% of the total oil composition in the studied accessions. 1,8-cineole, thujone, camphor, artemisia ketone, borneol, and caryophyllene were present in most of the studied Artemisia accessions. Results of PCA indicated that the first two components contributed 42.31% of total variation and showed a significant positive correlation with thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene, borneol, artemisia ketone, and p-cymene. Based on the chemical composition of essential oil, different accessions were grouped into two major clusters and subdivided into several subgroups. The study has identified many new chemotypes of Artemisia spp. with industrial potential that had not been studied before in this region. Based on the results, new agro-technologies may be developed using Artemisia spp. of commercial interest. Full article
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29 pages, 1330 KiB  
Review
Environmental and Closure Costs in Strategic Mine Planning, Models, Regulations, and Policies
by David Oliveros-Sepúlveda, Marc Bascompta-Massanés and Giovanni Franco-Sepúlveda
Resources 2025, 14(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030041 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1053
Abstract
This study explores the evolution of mine planning, with particular emphasis on the integration of environmental and social factors in alignment with the sustainable development. Traditionally, mine planning emphasized technical and economic variables, often overlooking environmental and social impacts. However, the increasing need [...] Read more.
This study explores the evolution of mine planning, with particular emphasis on the integration of environmental and social factors in alignment with the sustainable development. Traditionally, mine planning emphasized technical and economic variables, often overlooking environmental and social impacts. However, the increasing need to align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has prompted a shift toward broader definitions that incorporate these factors into resource planning. This paradigm change is crucial for managing risks related to project profitability, which now include environmental considerations. The article also examines how government policies and corporate strategies, including Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks have evolved to address these impacts. A review of the literature published over the last 25 years identifies four main thematic areas: (1) inclusion of environmental costs in mine planning, (2) quantitative models for calculating environmental and closure costs, (3) legal frameworks in mining, and (4) innovations in public policies. This study underscores the need for a comprehensive approach in mine planning that balances economic, social, and environmental considerations to ensure sustainability and mitigate risks associated with mine closure and environmental remediation. Full article
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13 pages, 791 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Agricultural Enterprises’ Sown Areas Considering Crop Rotation
by Nadiia Shmygol
Resources 2025, 14(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030040 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
This article explores contemporary scientific approaches to improving the efficiency of agricultural operations in Ukraine. It has been identified that insufficient attention has been given to optimizing the activities of agricultural enterprises. A model for optimizing crop areas, considering crop rotations in crop [...] Read more.
This article explores contemporary scientific approaches to improving the efficiency of agricultural operations in Ukraine. It has been identified that insufficient attention has been given to optimizing the activities of agricultural enterprises. A model for optimizing crop areas, considering crop rotations in crop production or mixed-type enterprises, has been developed to ensure an increase in crop yields. The model incorporates factors such as soil health, pest management, and the economic feasibility of different cropping systems. By applying crop rotation principles, the model aims to achieve a balanced and sustainable agricultural practice, promoting both productivity and environmental sustainability. The findings highlight the importance of considering ecological factors and economic optimization in agricultural planning. The model demonstrates how the rotation of crops can prevent soil depletion and improve overall land use efficiency, thereby boosting the agricultural output of enterprises. The proposed approach is distinguished by its uniqueness, as it leverages advanced economic–mathematical methodologies and state-of-the-art information–analytical tools to enable the automation of the crop rotation planning process. The implementation of this approach can lead to more sustainable farming practices, enhanced soil fertility, and increased profitability. Full article
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26 pages, 4392 KiB  
Article
Nutrient Management Under Good Agricultural Practices for Sustainable Cassava Production in Northeastern Thailand
by Derrick Keith Thompson, Ornprapa Thepsilvisut, Phanawan Imorachorn, Saowakol Boonkaen, Preuk Chutimanukul, Suthasinee Somyong, Wuttichai Mhuantong and Hiroshi Ehara
Resources 2025, 14(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030039 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Emphasis on sustainable cassava production is increasing, with aims to increase the net income of cassava farmers in an ecologically friendly way. This study examined the optimization of soil fertilizer management at two research locations (Nampong and Seungsang) in northeastern Thailand. The experiment [...] Read more.
Emphasis on sustainable cassava production is increasing, with aims to increase the net income of cassava farmers in an ecologically friendly way. This study examined the optimization of soil fertilizer management at two research locations (Nampong and Seungsang) in northeastern Thailand. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with five replications. Eight different fertilizer management protocols consisted of (1) no fertilizer application (control), (2) the recommended dosage of chemical fertilizer (RDCF), (3) 3.12 t ha−1 of chicken manure (CM), (4) 937.5 L ha−1 of swine manure extract (SME), (5) CM + SME, (6) ½ RDCF + ½ CM, (7) ½ RDCF + ½ SME, and (8) CM + PGPR (stake soaking with PGPR solution). At the Nampong site, the application of CM + PGPR has the most potential for increasing the cassava yield in terms of the fresh tuber yield when compared with no fertilizer and RDCF applications. At the Seungsang site, the application of CM gave the high fresh tuber yield, without significant differences from RDCF applications. Furthermore, compared to the RDCF treatment, both soil fertilizer management protocols produced positive marginal rate of return values, showing clear potential for contributing to sustainable cassava production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Zero Hunger: Health, Production, Economics and Sustainability)
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19 pages, 1799 KiB  
Article
Supply Chain Model for Mini Wind Power Systems in Urban Areas
by Isvia Zazueta, Edgar Valenzuela, Alejandro Lambert, José R. Ayala and Rodny Garcia
Resources 2025, 14(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030038 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 788
Abstract
The pursuit of energy security has become one of the most important challenges facing modern societies worldwide. The increase in energy consumption and the need to promote sustainability puts pressure on power generation systems. In this context, renewable energy sources have become a [...] Read more.
The pursuit of energy security has become one of the most important challenges facing modern societies worldwide. The increase in energy consumption and the need to promote sustainability puts pressure on power generation systems. In this context, renewable energy sources have become a favorable option to improve both energy security and sustainability while promoting the use of domestic energy sources. The supply chain is an optimized methodology that includes all necessary activities to bring a product to the final consumer. Traditionally applied in the manufacturing industry, recent evidence shows its successful implementation in various renewable energy sectors. In this work, a novel methodology based on a supply chain was designed to evaluate the feasibility of mini wind power systems in urban areas in an integrated and measurable manner. The main contribution lies in the integration of several different approaches, currently recognized as the most relevant factors for determining the viability of wind energy projects. A five-link supply chain model was proposed, which includes an evaluation of wind potential, supplier network, project technical assessment, customer distribution, and equipment final disposal. Specific metric indicators for each link were developed to evaluate technical, legislative, and social considerations. The methodology was applied in a case study in the city of Mexicali, Mexico. The findings show that although wind as a resource remains the most important factor, local government policies that promote the use of renewable energy, the supplier’s availability, qualified human resources, and spare parts are also of equivalent significance for the successful implementation of mini wind power systems. Full article
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25 pages, 5892 KiB  
Article
Photovoltaic Waste Generation in the Context of Sustainable Energy Transition in EU Member States
by María Beatriz Nieto Morone, Félix García Rosillo, Miguel Ángel Muñoz-García and Maria del Carmen Alonso-García
Resources 2025, 14(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030037 - 26 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1047
Abstract
The European Union (EU) is witnessing an expansion in solar capacity, aligning with its commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. However, deploying solar capacity introduces significant environmental complexities, such as managing photovoltaic waste when the modules reach their end of life. This [...] Read more.
The European Union (EU) is witnessing an expansion in solar capacity, aligning with its commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. However, deploying solar capacity introduces significant environmental complexities, such as managing photovoltaic waste when the modules reach their end of life. This study presents an assessment of PV waste mass generation, integrating the latest data from the revised targets of the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) of EU Member States presented in December 2023. Annual and cumulative PV waste mass is presented, analyzing the results in terms of the PV capacity deployment in each country and their recycling needs to face the treatment of the generated PV waste. According to the reviewed targets, the analysis reveals significant variations in PV waste mass generation across EU countries. The revisions show a substantial increase in the amount of waste generated in Europe. Lithuania and Ireland are anticipated to face substantial challenges, particularly under the early-loss scenario, whereas Germany, Italy, France, and Spain continue to be the countries that will generate the most PV waste mass in Europe. These findings emphasize the necessity for formulating and implementing effective waste management strategies to address the increasing generation of PV waste and mitigate its environmental impact. Furthermore, the study underscores the need to reassess projections to accommodate evolving energy policies and targets, ensuring alignment with sustainability objectives in this dynamic field. Full article
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15 pages, 634 KiB  
Article
Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Climate Change Nexus in Jordan: Insights from the Toda Yamamoto Causality Test
by Mohammad M. Jaber, Tekla Szép, Ali Ramadan El-Naqa and Shereen A. Abusmier
Resources 2025, 14(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030036 - 23 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 856
Abstract
Jordan faces significant challenges related to energy security due to its limited natural resources and reliance on energy imports, which meet over 90% of its energy needs. The adoption of renewable energy (RE) technologies is viewed as a crucial step in reducing dependence [...] Read more.
Jordan faces significant challenges related to energy security due to its limited natural resources and reliance on energy imports, which meet over 90% of its energy needs. The adoption of renewable energy (RE) technologies is viewed as a crucial step in reducing dependence on fossil fuels, enhancing energy security, and addressing environmental concerns such as CO2 emissions. Jordan has set ambitious goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030 through RE and energy efficiency initiatives, in line with the global push to combat climate change. Using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, this study examines the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions in Jordan from 1980 to 2021. The results indicate a bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth, highlighting the energy-dependent nature of Jordan’s economy. Additionally, greenhouse gas emissions were found to cause economic growth, reflecting the role of emissions-intensive industries in the country’s development. The study also shows that economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions jointly influence energy consumption, while energy consumption does not directly drive emissions. These findings emphasize the need for Jordan to adapt and accelerate its energy transition. By investing in renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, Jordan can reduce its contributions to climate change while enhancing energy security and fostering sustainable economic growth. Full article
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17 pages, 1940 KiB  
Article
Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México
by Diana Ayala-Montejo, Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi, Juan Fernando Gallardo-Lancho, Rufo Sánchez-Hernández, Eduardo Valdés-Velarde, Teresita de Jesús Santiago-Vera and Joel Pérez-Nieto
Resources 2025, 14(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030035 - 21 Feb 2025
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Abstract
Avocado cultivation is displacing traditional coffee production in Veracruz, Mexico. This change modifies the floristic composition and agronomic management (AM), both of which are affected by socioeconomic factors and generate variation in edaphic conditions. The objective of this research was to identify the [...] Read more.
Avocado cultivation is displacing traditional coffee production in Veracruz, Mexico. This change modifies the floristic composition and agronomic management (AM), both of which are affected by socioeconomic factors and generate variation in edaphic conditions. The objective of this research was to identify the socioeconomic variables that modify the characteristics of the AM of avocado and coffee systems and have repercussions on the carbon and nitrogen pools. Four case studies were analyzed: a renovated coffee polyculture (SRC), severely cleaned coffee polyculture (IPC), avocado–coffee system (ACS), and conventional avocado orchard (CAO). A socioeconomic analysis was carried out with a 30-year economic projection and 56 variables. Three plots were installed where vegetal biomass carbon (VBC) was evaluated; soil samples were taken in theses plots at three depths (in triplicate) to determine soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TSN) in each case. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Four economic variables explain 50.9% of the variation in agronomic management and five social variables 50.2%, in both cases where the component is considered. In all systems, the variation in VBC is explained by the agronomic management, while the reported SOC presents an inverse relationship with AM. The ACS presents the higher values in total C in the system, and SOC and TSN pools, while the CAO shows negative impacts concerning soil organic matter quality. The ACS is sensitive to investment, market diversity, education, and external organic residue addition, explaining the variations in AM and the TSN pools. Full article
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Article
Transforming Biomass Waste into Hydrochars and Porous Activated Carbon: A Characterization Study
by Suhas, Monika Chaudhary, Shubham Chaudhary, Shivangi Chaubey, Isabel Pestana da Paixão Cansado, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, Inderjeet Tyagi and Rama Gaur
Resources 2025, 14(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030034 - 20 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 756
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an environmentally friendly process for transforming biomass into sustainable hydrochar, which is a carbon-rich material with a variety of potential applications. Herein, Tectona grandis seeds (TGs) were transformed into hydrochars using HTC at low temperatures (180–250 °C) and autogenous [...] Read more.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an environmentally friendly process for transforming biomass into sustainable hydrochar, which is a carbon-rich material with a variety of potential applications. Herein, Tectona grandis seeds (TGs) were transformed into hydrochars using HTC at low temperatures (180–250 °C) and autogenous pressure. The prepared hydrochars were rich in oxygenated functional groups. The optimized hydrochar, HC-230-4 (prepared at 230 °C, for 4 h), presented a ratio of H/C = 0.95 and O/C = 0.29, an improved degree of coalification, and a high heating value (26.53 MJ kg−1), which can replace bituminous coals in the power sector. The prepared hydrochar was further activated in the presence of CO2 to prepare activated carbon (AC). XRD, TGA, FTIR, FE-SEM, and BET techniques were used to characterize raw biomass (TGs), hydrochar, and ACs, to identify the potential applications for the developed materials. BET studies revealed that the hydrochar has limited porosity, with a low surface area (14.41 m2g−1) and porous volume. On the other hand, the derived AC (AC-850-5) has a high surface area (729.70 m2g−1) and appreciable total and microporous volumes (0.392 cm3g−1 and 0.286 cm3g−1). The use of biomass, mainly waste biomass, for the production of carbon-rich materials is an effective strategy for managing and valorizing waste biomass resources, reducing environmental pollution, and improving sustainability, being in line with the principles of circularity. Full article
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