Assessment of the Geomorphological Heritage of the Costa Branca Area, a Potential Geopark in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Quantitative Evaluation of Geomorphodiversity Using the Reynard Method
3.2. Quantitative Evaluation of Geomorphodiversity Using the Diniz, Araújo, and Chagas Method [11]
4. Discussion
4.1. Geomorphosites Identified Using the Reynard Method
4.2. Geomorphosites Identified Using the Diniz, Araújo, and Chagas (2021) Method
5. Comparison of the Quantifications Using the Two Methods
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Values | Criteria | Evaluation | |
Scientific value | Scientific value | Integrity | Informs about the state of conservation of the site. |
Representativeness | Level of exemplarity of the site. | ||
Rareness | The rarity of the site as a reference space. | ||
Paleogeographic value | Importance of the site for the reconstruction of Earth or climate history. | ||
Additional values | Ecological value |
| Importance of the site concerning a specific ecosystem and whether the site is already protected. |
| Potential for observation and scenic beauty. | ||
Aesthetic value |
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Cultural value |
| The performance of the site in a primary role in religious and/or spiritual terms; its historical context; its presence as inspiration for artists; relevance of the site in the history of Earth sciences. | |
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Scientific Value | |||||||
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Parameters | A1—Degree of Scientific Knowledge | A2—Ecodynamic Units | A3—Representativeness of Geomorphological Materials and Processes | A4— Diversity of Geomorphological Aspects (shapes And Processes) | A5—Ecological Interest | A6—Paleogeographic Value | A7— Didactic Relevance |
Definition | Indicates whether the geomorphosite itself has already been the subject of academic studies or been cited in technical-scientific papers. | Refers to the classification of the units at the highest taxonomic level. | Indicates the relevance of the geomorphosite as a record of elements or processes related to the geomorphological evolution of the region and the context in which it is inserted, as well as the use of geomorphology for society. | Elements of the geomorphology aggregated by geomorphosite. | Evaluates the relationship between the geomorphological object(s) and the occurrence of biological species ; the score increases with the perception of the relationship between habitats and geomorphology. | Assesses the importance of the object for the reconstruction of the history of the climate and the Earth (for example, providing a reference for a glacial stage). | Potential of the geomorphosite for illustrating elements or processes of geodiversity and the potential for using the site to teach geosciences and/or secondary schools. |
0 | No reference to the Geomorphosite. | Stable environment- the predominance of pedogenesis. Medium with a slow evolution, closed vegetation cover, moderate dissection, and absence of volcanic manifestations. | Absence of any relevant aspects of a scientific nature. | No geomorphological aspects. | No connection with biological elements. | No paleogeographic expressiveness. | No didactic relevance |
1 | Quoted in a technical report or monograph. | - | No potential. | One geomorphological aspect. | Fauna and/or flora of interest. | - | Likely to be used for didactic purposes post-graduation. |
2 | Cited in two monographs, scientific articles, or dissertations. | Intergrade (transition area for stability); when pedogenesis stands out over morphogenesis. | Involves illustrative records of elements or processes of geodiversity, but these have no potential. | Two geomorphological aspects. | One of the best places to observe fauna and/or flora of interest. | Contains illustrative elements, but with a difficult visualisation of paleographic elements. | Likely to be used for didactic purposes post-graduation. It can be used for didactic purposes for undergraduate students. |
3 | Cited in three theses, dissertations, or scientific papers. | Intergrade (transition area for instability); when morphogenesis stands out over pedogenesis. | Contains illustrative elements that represent sections of the type locality or are used as classic examples and anthropic interference. | Three geomorphological aspects. | The geomorphological characteristics condition the ecosystem(s). | Contains illustrative elements that represent the paleogeographic evolution of the area; it can be used as an example with good teaching resources and with human decharacterisation. | Can be used for teaching purposes for high school students. |
4 | Cited in >4 academic theses or articles in scientific journals. | Strongly unstable (predominance of morphogenesis); units with an intervention of geodynamics through volcanism, tectonic deformations, or anthropic instability. | Hosts illustrative elements that represent sections, type localities, or are used as classic examples of geomorphological elements or processes; a good resource for teaching, and/or the use of relief for the society. | Four or more geomorphological aspects. | The geomorphological characteristics determine the ecosystem(s). | Contains illustrative elements that represent the paleogeographic evolution of the area; it can be used as an example with good teaching resources and without the presence of mischaracterisation or vegetation cover; allows for an excellent visualisation of paleogeographic elements. | Can be used for teaching purposes for the general public or elementary school students. |
Aesthetic Value | |||||
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Parameters | B1—Rarity | B2—Integrity | B3—Variety of Elements of Geodiversity and/or Associated Themes | B4—Visual Quality | B5—Observation Conditions |
definition | Importance of the site in terms of its geomorphological occurrence in the investigated area. | Indicates the level of conservation of the geomorphosites and the possibility of visualising the aspects of interest. | The number of interests and elements of geodiversity and themes associated with the geomorphological heritage (hydrology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, petrology, oceanography, hydrography, etc.). | The scenic beauty of the place. Measured by verticality, colour contrasts, and individual elements (inselbergs, ruiniform reliefs, etc.). | Conditions of visualisation of the elements of geodiversity. |
0 | Commonly occurring geomorphosite in the study area (more than ten occurrences within a 200 km radius). | Deteriorated and uncharacterised geomorphosite; the observation of the elements of interest is compromised and there is no possibility of recovery. | No association. | Geomorphosite with no aesthetic relevance. | No conditions for observation. |
1 | Between six and ten formations with similar characteristics in the area (within the same geomophological context and within a 200 km radius). | Deteriorated geomorphosites, but the visualisation of the aspects of interest is still possible, without the possibility of recovery. | Association with only one element or theme connected to geodiversity. | Geomorphosites occur in a pleasant place and with an individual element | Only visible with equipment. |
2 | Existence of up to five formations with similar characteristics in the area (within the same geomorphological context and within a 200 km radius). | Deteriorated geomorphosites; the visualisation of the aspects of interest is still possible, with the possibility of recovery. | Association with two elements or themes connected to geodiversity. | Geomorphosites occur in a pleasant place and have significant scenic appeal, with verticality (<50 m) or colour contrasts of four to six colours. | Limited by vegetation. |
3 | Existence of up to three formations with similar characteristics in the area (within the same geomorphological context and within a 200 km radius). | Geomorphosites with some deterioration, but the visualisation of the aspects of interest is still possible, with the possibility of recovery. | Association with three elements or themes connected to geodiversity. | Geomorphosites occur in a pleasant place and have significant scenic appeal, with verticality (>50 m), a mountainous relief, and contrasts of four to six colours. | Good, but only observable from the base. |
4 | Unique formation in the area within a 200 km radius or ≥3 within a 500 km radius. | Intact geomorphosites without any deterioration or need for recovery. | Association with more than four elements or themes connected to geodiversity. | Geomorphosites are characterised by aesthetic splendour and occur in a pleasant place and have significant scenic appeal. The areas have verticality (>50 m), a mountainous relief, and contrasts of seven colours or more. | Good, landscape with verticality which is visible from a scenic viewpoint. |
Touristic Value | |||||
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Parameters | C1—Accessibility | C2—Presence of Infrastructure | C3—Existence of Ongoing Use | C4—Scenery | C5—Tourism Category |
Definition | Indicative of the difficulties accessing the site. | Indicative of the presence of infrastructure that facilitates and serves as support for visitors, such as the presence of bathrooms, tourist guides, accommodation (>3 km), restaurants (>3 km), and others. | Indicates the current conditions of tourist use of the geomorphosite. | Used in local/national/international tourism campaigns. | Existing types of tourism in the area (sun-and-beach, geotourism, cultural, religious, etc.) |
0 | Accessible from a >5 km-longtrail or through areas with containment works. | Absence of any Infrastructure. | Geomorphosite without any current use. | Does not appear in campaigns. | - |
1 | Accessible from a 2 to 5 km-long trail or through a private area. | Equipped with basic infrastructure, but which supports visitors, with the presence of one element. | Geomorphosite with some visitation which is still incipient. | Occasionally appears in local campaigns. | The site presents one type of tourism. |
2 | Accessible from unpaved roads or <2 km-long trails. | Equipped with basic infrastructure, but which supports visitors, with the presence of two elements. | Geomorphosite with an average visitation rate and the presence of accommodation. | Frequently appears in local campaigns. | The site features two types of tourism. |
3 | Accessible from paved roads or <2 km-long trails. | Equipped with basic infrastructure, but which supports visitors, with the presence of three elements. | Geomorphosite with a high visitation rate, without a visitor control mechanism, but with accommodation. | Occasionally appears in national campaigns. | The site features three types of tourism. |
4 | Accessible directly through main paved roads (federal, state, or municipal). | Equipped with full infrastructure that provides complete support for visitors, with the presence of four or more elements. | Geomorphosite with a high visitation rate and equipped with visitor control measures and accommodation facilities <3 km away. | Constantly seen in national campaigns. | The site features more than four types of tourism. |
Places of Geomorphological Interest | Scientific Value | |||||
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Integrity | Representativeness | Rarity | Geographic Paleo-Value | Total | Evaluation Classes | |
A—Pedra do Chapéu | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.5 | 0.5 | Low |
B—Gado Bravo Beach | 0 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0.06 | Low |
C—Areias Alvas Beach | 1 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | Low |
D—Barra Beach | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0.56 | Medium |
E—Apodi-Mossoró Estuary | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.56 | Medium |
F—Upanema Beach | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.69 | Medium |
G—São Cristóvão Beach | 0.75 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.69 | Medium |
H—Ponta do Mel Beach | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
I—Porto do Mangue Hypersaline Desert | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
J—Rosado Cliffs | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
K—Rosado Dunes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.81 | High |
L—Conchas River Estuary | 0.75 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.56 | Medium |
Additional Values | |||||||
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SITES | V. Eco | V. Aest | Cultural Value | ||||
Religious | History | Artistic/Literary | Geohistorical | Economic | |||
A—Pedra do Chapéu | 0.12 | 0.87 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.75 |
B—Gado Bravo Beach | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 |
C—Areias Alvas Beach | 0.75 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0 |
D— Barra Beach | 0.87 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
E—Apodi-Mossoró Estuary | 0.87 | 0 | 1 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1 | 1 |
F—Upanema Beach | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 |
G—São Cristóvão Beach | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 0.5 |
H—Ponta do Mel Beach | 0.75 | 1 | 1 | 0.75 | 1 | 1 | 0.75 |
I—Porto do Mangue Hypersaline Desert | 0.62 | 0.37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
J—Rosado Cliffs | 0.37 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
K—Rosado Dunes | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0 |
L—Conchas River Estuary | 1 | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.25 | 1 |
Scientific Value | |||||||||
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Sites | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 | Total | Evaluation Classes |
A—Pedra do Chapéu | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 16 | Medium |
B—Gado Bravo Beach | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | Low |
C—Areias Alvas Beach | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 | Low |
D—Barra Beach | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 | Low |
E—Apodi-Mossoró Estuary | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 26 | High |
F—Upanema Beach | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 15 | Medium |
G—São Cristóvão Beach | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 19 | Medium |
H—Ponta do Mel Beach | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 22 | High |
I—Porto do Mangue Hypersaline Desert | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 22 | High |
J—Rosado Cliffs | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 25 | High |
K—Rosado Dunes | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 24 | High |
L—Conchas River Estuary | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 23 | High |
Aesthetic Value | |||||||
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Sites | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | Total | Evaluation Classes |
A—Pedra do Chapéu | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 12 | Medium |
B—Gado Bravo Beach | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | Low |
C—Areias Alvas Beach | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 13 | Medium |
D—Barra Beach | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 12 | Medium |
E—Apodi-Mossoró Estuary | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 13 | Medium |
F—Upanema Beach | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 13 | Medium |
G—São Cristóvão Beach | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 16 | High |
H—Ponta do Mel Beach | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 17 | High |
I—Porto do Mangue Hypersaline Desert | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 12 | Medium |
J—Rosado Cliffs | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 17 | High |
K—Rosado Dunes | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 16 | High |
L—Conchas River Estuary | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 12 | Medium |
Touristic Value | |||||||
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Sites | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | Total | Evaluation Classes |
A—Pedra do Chapéu | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 16 | High |
B—Gado Bravo Beach | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 10 | Low |
C—Areias Alvas Beach | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | Low |
D—Barra Beach | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 12 | Medium |
E—Apodi-Mossoró Estuary | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 15 | Medium |
F—Upanema Beach | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 14 | Medium |
G—São Cristóvão Beach | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 13 | Medium |
H—Ponta do Mel Beach | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 15 | Medium |
I—Porto do Mangue Hypersaline Desert | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | Low |
J—Rosado Cliffs | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 12 | Medium |
K—Rosado Dunes | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 13 | Medium |
L—Conchas River Estuary | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | Medium |
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Diniz, M.T.M.; de Oliveira Terto, M.L.; da Silva, F.E.B. Assessment of the Geomorphological Heritage of the Costa Branca Area, a Potential Geopark in Brazil. Resources 2023, 12, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12010013
Diniz MTM, de Oliveira Terto ML, da Silva FEB. Assessment of the Geomorphological Heritage of the Costa Branca Area, a Potential Geopark in Brazil. Resources. 2023; 12(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiniz, Marco Túlio Mendonça, Maria Luiza de Oliveira Terto, and Fernando Eduardo Borges da Silva. 2023. "Assessment of the Geomorphological Heritage of the Costa Branca Area, a Potential Geopark in Brazil" Resources 12, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12010013
APA StyleDiniz, M. T. M., de Oliveira Terto, M. L., & da Silva, F. E. B. (2023). Assessment of the Geomorphological Heritage of the Costa Branca Area, a Potential Geopark in Brazil. Resources, 12(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12010013