Synthesis and Characterization of Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings Using Electrochemical Deposition Technique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Preparation of Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings
2.2. Surface Morphology and Phase Determination
3. Results
3.1. Ni–W Alloy Coatings
3.1.1. W Content
3.1.2. Corrosion Resistance
3.2. Ni–W–Cr2O3
3.2.1. SEM
3.2.2. Effects of Cr2O3 Nanoparticles on Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposites
3.2.3. Effect of Current Density on Morphologies of Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposites
3.2.4. Effect of Current Density on Properties of Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposites
3.2.5. XRD Spectrum of Coatings
3.2.6. Microhardness and Wear Behavior
3.2.7. Corrosion Resistance
4. Conclusions
- (i)
- Corrosion resistance of Ni–W binary alloys increased significantly with increase in W content in the coating for the range of W concentration used in this experiment (10 g·L−1 to 40 g·L−1).
- (ii)
- The nanoparticle content in the Ni–W/Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings increased with increase in Cr2O3 nanoparticle concentration in the electrolyte.
- (iii)
- SEM images showed that the surface morphology of Ni–W/Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings was nodular at 2 g·L−1, had elliptical clusters comprising of small globules at 6 g·L−1 and 10 g·L−1, and a more amorphous tendency characterized by cavities at 20 g·L−1. Ni–W/Cr2O3 composites deposited at 2 A·dm−2 and 3 A·dm−2 are characterized by a dense net of micro-cracks.
- (iv)
- Ni–W/Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings electrodeposited with 40 g·L−1 W and 10 g·L−1 Cr2O3 in electrolyte exhibited the best microhardness. It should be noted that these coatings represent only those electrodeposited at 1 A·dm−2.
- (v)
- Ni–W/Cr2O3 nanocomposites exhibits superior wear resistance properties compared to Ni–W binary alloy coatings with coatings deposited with 10 g·L−1 Cr2O3 concentration exhibiting the best wear resistance.
- (vi)
- Ni–W/Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings electrodeposited with 40 g·L−1 W and 10 g·L−1 Cr2O3 in electrolyte at 1 A·dm−2 exhibited the best corrosion resistance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process | Fluid Type | Chemical Composition | Concentration (g·L−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Degreasing | Electro-hydrostatic fluid | NaOH | 25 |
Na2CO3 | 21.7 | ||
NaPO4 | 50 | ||
NaCl | 2.4 | ||
Pickling | Activating fluid 1 | HCl | 25 |
NaCl | 140.1 | ||
Activating fluid 2 | NaC6H5O7·2H2O | 141.2 | |
H3C6H5O7·H2O | 94.2 | ||
NiCl·H2O | 3 |
Bath Component | Concentration (g·L−1) | Function |
---|---|---|
Nickel sulphate (NiSO4·7H2O) | 250 | Ni source |
Nickel chloride (NiCl2·6H2O) | 50 | Ni source |
Sodium tungstate (Na2WO4·2H2O) | 10, 20, 30, 40 | W source |
Trisodium citrate dihydrate (Na3C6H5O7·2H2O) | 90 | Complexer for Ni and W |
Boric acid (HBO3) | 40 | Buffer |
Potassium bromide (KBr) | 15 | Conductivity increase |
Sodium saccharin (COC6H4SO2NNa·2H2O) | 1 | Stress reliever |
Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) | 0.5 | Surfactant |
Cr2O3 (20 nm) | 0, 2, 6, 10, 20 | Nanoparticles |
Deposition Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plating Temperature (°C) | Current Density (A·dm−2) | Stirring Rate (rpm) | pH | Electrodeposition Time (min) | Current Type | Anode Material |
45 | 1, 2, 3 | 350 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 60 | DC | Pure Ni (99%) |
Coatings | βa (mV) | βc (mV) | Ecorr (mV) | icorr (µA·cm−2) | Corrosion Rate (mm/a) | Rp (kΩ·cm−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni-3.5W | 414.38 | 780.15 | −515 | 39.639 | 0.479 | 2.964 |
Ni-4.6W | 409.04 | 659.58 | −406 | 37.392 | 0.452 | 2.931 |
Ni-5.4W | 482.54 | 649.65 | −412 | 29.648 | 0.358 | 4.055 |
Ni-11.0W | 395.48 | 545.57 | −426 | 22.461 | 0.271 | 4.432 |
Coatings | W Concentration (g·L−1) | W Content (wt.%) | Grain Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
Ni–W | 10 | 3.5 | 163.5 |
Ni–W | 20 | 4.6 | 149.9 |
Ni–W | 30 | 5.4 | 164.5 |
Ni–W | 40 | 11.0 | 111.5 |
Coatings | Concentration (g·L−1) | βa (mV) | βc (mV) | Ecorr (Volts) | icorr (µA·cm−2) | Corrosion Rate (mm/a) | Rp (kΩ·cm−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni-11W | 0 | 395.48 | 545.57 | −0.42606 | 22.461 | 0.27186 | 4.432 |
Ni-11W-Cr2O3 | 2 | 99.98 | 173.41 | −0.44098 | 5.585 | 0.06760 | 4.929 |
Ni-11W-Cr2O3 | 6 | 4734.70 | 170.88 | −0.26004 | 2.615 | 0.03165 | 27.382 |
Ni-11W-Cr2O3 | 10 | 171.66 | 82.08 | −0.27321 | 0.553 | 0.00670 | 43.540 |
Ni-11W-Cr2O3 | 20 | 1084.40 | 240.69 | −0.58341 | 5.832 | 0.07058 | 14.665 |
Coatings | Current Density (A·dm−2) | βa (mV) | βc (mV) | Ecorr (Volts) | icorr (µA·cm−2) | Corrosion Rate (mm/a) | Rp (kΩ·cm−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni-yyW-xxCr2O3 | 1 | 171.66 | 82.089 | −0.27321 | 0.5538 | 0.006702 | 43.54 |
Ni-yyW-xxCr2O3 | 2 | 100.78 | 514.98 | −0.36289 | 6.1465 | 0.074394 | 5.9543 |
Ni-yyW-xxCr2O3 | 3 | 3444.2 | 450.06 | −0.61182 | 18.656 | 0.2258 | 9.2645 |
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Mbugua Nyambura, S.; Kang, M.; Zhu, J.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Ndiithi, N.J. Synthesis and Characterization of Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings Using Electrochemical Deposition Technique. Coatings 2019, 9, 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120815
Mbugua Nyambura S, Kang M, Zhu J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ndiithi NJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings Using Electrochemical Deposition Technique. Coatings. 2019; 9(12):815. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120815
Chicago/Turabian StyleMbugua Nyambura, Samuel, Min Kang, Jiping Zhu, Yuntong Liu, Yin Zhang, and Ndumia Joseph Ndiithi. 2019. "Synthesis and Characterization of Ni–W/Cr2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings Using Electrochemical Deposition Technique" Coatings 9, no. 12: 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120815