Ion-Induced Surface Modification of Magnetically Operated Contacts
Abstract
:List of Abbreviations
AES | —Auger electron spectroscopy |
AFM | —atomic force microscopy |
EEE | —exoelectron emission |
IPT | —ion-plasma treatment |
KPFM | —Kelvin probe force microscopy |
ME | —mechanoemission |
RT | —room temperature |
XPS | —X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Technology
2.3. Ion-Plasma Treatment (Ion Nitriding)
2.4. Testing and Research Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Degradation of Contacts
3.1.1. Influence of the Number of Switchings
3.1.2. Effect of the Annealing Conditions
Set | Annealing temperature of wire (°C) | Annealing conditions of contacts |
---|---|---|
1 | 900 | N2 at 840 °C for 40 min |
2 | 900 | H2 at 850 °C for 60 min |
3 | 900 | H2 at 920 °C for 60 min |
4 | 1050 | N2 at 840 °C for 40 min |
5 | 1050 | H2 at 850 °C for 60 min |
6 | 1050 | H2 at 920 °C for 60 min |
3.1.3. Dynamic Noise
3.1.4. Processes Leading to Erosion of Contacts
3.1.4.1. Lattice Imperfection
3.1.4.2. Radicals
3.1.4.3. Gas Release
3.1.4.4. Chemical Reactions
3.1.4.5. Vacuum Breakdown
3.1.4.6. Adhesion
3.1.4.7. Dynamic Noise and Bridge Erosion.
3.1.4.8. Magnetostrictive Triboeffects.
3.1.4.9. Acoustic Vibrations
3.2. AFM Diagnostics [54]
3.2.1. Nanorelief with Asperities of Higher Conductivity
3.2.2. Surface Pores and Cones
3.2.3. Potential Surface Relief
3.3. AES Diagnostics [58]
Sample No. | Manufacturing route | IPT (Potential–Time–Number) | Switching | R (Ohm) | U(V) | Elemental composition | Chemical composition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.6 | Stamping, cleaning, annealing, sealing, IPT | 200 V–30 s–50 | 107 cycles | 0.09 | 240 | Fe, Ni, C, N, O | Fe3.3N, SiO2 (out of IPT region) |
57 | Stamping, cleaning, annealing, etching, sealing, IPT | 200 V–30 s–100 | Without switching | 0.1 | 200 | Fe, Ni, C, N, O | Fe3.3N, SiO2 (out of IPT region) |
14 | Stamping, cleaning, annealing, sealing, IPT | 200 V–30 s–100 | Without switching | 0.1 | 200 | Fe, Ni, C, N, O, | Fe3.3N, SiO2 (out of IPT region) |
1.1 | Stamping, cleaning, annealing, sealing | Without IPT | Without switching | 0.2 | 290 | Fe, Ni, C, N, O, S, Cl | Iron and nickel oxides, SiO2 |
1 | Stamping, cleaning, annealing, sealing, IPT | 200 V–30 s–1 | Without switching | 0.8 | 270 | Fe, Ni, C, N, O | Fe3N |
3.4. XPS Diagnostics [61]
Sample No. | IPT (Potential–Time–Number) | Switching (Potential–Current–Number of cycles–Temperature) | R (Ohm) | U (V) | Elemental concentration (at. %) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1s | N1s | O1s | Fe2p | Ni2p | F1s | Si2p | |||||
35 | 200 V–30 s–100 | Without switching | 0.08 | 210 | 13.5 | 29.2 | 27.6 | 17.8 | 11.9 | - | - |
43 | 200 V–30 s–30 | Without switching | 0.09 | 200 | 13.4 | 31.6 | 22.4 | 18.5 | 14.1 | - | - |
52 | 200 V–30 s–30 | 30 V–0.5 A–1.25 × 106 at 155 ºС, and 1.25 × 106 at RT | 0.09 | 250 | 22.4 | 27.6 | 26.0 | 13.9 | 10.1 | - | - |
14 | 200 V–30 s–30 | 50 mV–5 μА–108 at RT | 0.09 | 220 | 14.5 | 30.5 | 24.7 | 16.8 | 13.5 | - | - |
5 | Without IPT | Without switching | 0.22 | 290 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 53.5 | 8.3 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 12.5 |
4. Conclusions
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
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Arushanov, K.; Zeltser, I.; Karabanov, S.; Maizels, R.; Moos, E.; Tolstoguzov, A. Ion-Induced Surface Modification of Magnetically Operated Contacts. Coatings 2012, 2, 8-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2010008
Arushanov K, Zeltser I, Karabanov S, Maizels R, Moos E, Tolstoguzov A. Ion-Induced Surface Modification of Magnetically Operated Contacts. Coatings. 2012; 2(1):8-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleArushanov, Karen, Igor Zeltser, Sergey Karabanov, Rafail Maizels, Evgeny Moos, and Alexander Tolstoguzov. 2012. "Ion-Induced Surface Modification of Magnetically Operated Contacts" Coatings 2, no. 1: 8-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2010008
APA StyleArushanov, K., Zeltser, I., Karabanov, S., Maizels, R., Moos, E., & Tolstoguzov, A. (2012). Ion-Induced Surface Modification of Magnetically Operated Contacts. Coatings, 2(1), 8-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2010008