Evaluating the Counseling Standards and Ability of Pharmacy Staff to Detect Antibiotic-Drugs Interactions: A Simulated Client Study from Pakistan
Abstract
1. Introduction
Theories and Conceptual Framework
2. Methods
2.1. Simulated Clients
2.2. Communication Skills Assessment
2.3. Pilot Study
2.4. Documentation of Feedback
2.5. Study Setting
2.6. Pharmacy Selection
2.7. Scenarios
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
2.8. Ethical Considerations
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Category | Scenario 1 (n = 554) | Scenario 2 (n = 465) | Overall % |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Class of pharmacy (Number of the sale counters reported by SCs) | 1 | 334 (60.3) | 287 (61.7) | 61 |
2–5 | 204 (36.8) | 164 (35.3) | 36.1 | |
>5 | 16 (2.9) | 14 (3.0) | 2.9 | |
Number of employees at the time of visit as reported by SCs | 1–5 | 389 (70.2) | 335 (72.1) | 71.2 |
6–10 | 156 (28.1) | 125 (26.8) | 27.5 | |
>10 | 9 (1.6) | 5 (1.1) | 1.4 | |
Gender of pharmacy retailers (contacted) | Male | 554 (100.0) | 465 (100.0) | 100.0 |
Female | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | |
Age of contacted retailer (years), estimated by SC | <25 | 19 (3.4) | 21 (4.5) | 3.9 |
25–35 | 164 (29.6) | 153 (32.9) | 31.3 | |
36–45 | 112 (20.2) | 140 (30.1) | 25.2 | |
46–55 | 202 (36.5) | 123 (26.5) | 31.5 | |
>55 | 57 (10.3) | 28 (6.0) | 8.2 | |
Day of the visit | Monday | 38 (6.8) | 65 (13.9) | 10.4 |
Tuesday | 59 (10.6) | 42 (9.0) | 9.8 | |
Wednesday | 110 (19.8) | 86 (18.5) | 19.1 | |
Thursday | 79 (14.2) | 32 (6.9) | 10.6 | |
Friday | 58 (10.5) | 101 (21.7) | 16.1 | |
Saturday | 66 (11.9) | 70 (15.2) | 13.6 | |
Sunday | 144 (25.9) | 69 (14.8) | 20.4 | |
Time of visit | 8:00–12:00 | 146 (26.4) | 167 (35.9) | 31.1 |
12:00–14:00 | 35 (6.3) | 67(14.4) | 10.4 | |
14:00–22:00 | 373 (67.3) | 231 (49.7) | 58.5 | |
Number of waiting customers | 0–5 | 361 (65.2) | 338 (72.7) | 68.9 |
6–10 | 184 (33.2) | 120 (25.8) | 29.5 | |
>10 | 9 (1.6) | 7 (1.5) | 1.6 | |
Waiting time (mints) | 1–5 | 224 (40.4) | 232 (49.9) | 45.2 |
>5 | 330 (59.6) | 233 (50.1) | 54.8 | |
Total time of conversation (talk about medication) (mints) | ≤2 | 311 (56.1) | 284 (61.0) | 58.6 |
3–5 | 234 (42.2) | 175 (37.6) | 39.9 | |
>5 | 9 (1.7) | 6 (1.3) | 1.5 | |
Privacy during conversation | Full provided | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.09 |
Semi provided | 17 (3.1) | 4 (0.9) | 2.0 | |
Not provided | 536 (96.7) | 461 (99.1) | 97.9 |
Response | Scenario 1 (n = 554) n (%) | Scenario 2 (n = 465) n (%) | Overall % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Counseling without demand | 2 (0.3) | 32 (6.8) | 3.6 | |
On demand counseling | Provided | 256 (46.2) | 204 (43.8) | 45 |
Questioning and advised to contact a doctor | 179 (32.3) | 184 (39.5) | 35.9 | |
Directly advised to contact a doctor | 117 (21.1) | 45 (9.6) | 15.4 |
Questions Asked | Scenario 1 (n = 437) n (%) | Scenario 2 (n = 420) n (%) | Overall % |
---|---|---|---|
Duration of disease or therapy | 301 (68.8) | 97 (23.0) | 45.9 |
Whether had taken medicine before | 195 (44.6) | 161 (38.3) | 45.5 |
Why the medicine was prescribed | - | 91 (21.6) | 21.6 *1 |
Any co-morbidity or its treatment? | 287 (65.6) | 81 (19.2) | 42.4 |
Any allergy to medicine in history? | 79 (18.0) | 55 (13.0) | 15.5 |
Do you know how to take medicine? | 15 (3.4) | 76 (18.0) | 10.7 |
You want to ask anything else? | 3 (0.7) | 18 (4.2) | 2.5 |
Information Provided | Scenario 1 (n = 258) n (%) | Scenario 2 (n = 236) n (%) | Overall% |
---|---|---|---|
The name of the medicine discussed | - | 13 (5.5) | 5.5 *1 |
Drug storage | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 |
How to take the medication (e.g., with/before/after meal) | 7 (2.7) | 12 (5.1) | 3.9 |
Discussed root of drug administration | 0 (0.0) | 9 (3.8) | 1.9 |
Dose of therapy | 219 (84.9) | 185 (78.4) | 81.6 |
Duration of therapy | 107 (41.4) | 173 (73.3) | 57.4 |
Possible side effects of therapy | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.3) | 1.1 |
Possible drug-drug interaction | 4 (1.5) | 3 (1.3) | 1.4 |
Life style modification or dietary instruction | 113 (43.8) | 153 (64.8) | 54.3 |
Any other special warnings or precautions about medication | 4 (1.5) | 3 (1.3) | 1.4 |
Non compliance to medication and its effect | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 |
Effect of medicine withdrawal | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.0 |
Other medication during this therapy | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 |
Reinsured that client understand all instructions | 49 (18.9) | 16 (6.8) | 12.8 |
Advice to change medication | 4 (1.5) | 3 (1.2) | 1.4 |
Skill Used | Scenario 1 (n = 258) | Scenario 2 (n = 236) | Overall (n = 494) |
---|---|---|---|
Eye contact | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.25 ± 0.4 |
Attention to customer | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.4 |
Engagement of customer | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 |
Non-verbal expressions used | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
Provided written information | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
Factors | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 |
---|---|---|
Number of employees at the time of visit | 0.294 | 0.387 |
Age of pharmacy retailer (contacted) | 0.013 | 0.656 |
Day of visit | 0.178 | 0.614 |
Time of visit | 0.627 | 0.952 |
Number of waiting customers | 0.834 | 0.043 |
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Aziz, M.M.; Rasool, M.F.; Alanazi, M.; Alharby, T.N.; Alanazi, J.; Huwaimel, B. Evaluating the Counseling Standards and Ability of Pharmacy Staff to Detect Antibiotic-Drugs Interactions: A Simulated Client Study from Pakistan. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 931. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050931
Aziz MM, Rasool MF, Alanazi M, Alharby TN, Alanazi J, Huwaimel B. Evaluating the Counseling Standards and Ability of Pharmacy Staff to Detect Antibiotic-Drugs Interactions: A Simulated Client Study from Pakistan. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(5):931. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050931
Chicago/Turabian StyleAziz, Muhammad Majid, Muhammad Fawad Rasool, Muteb Alanazi, Tareq Nafea Alharby, Jowaher Alanazi, and Bader Huwaimel. 2023. "Evaluating the Counseling Standards and Ability of Pharmacy Staff to Detect Antibiotic-Drugs Interactions: A Simulated Client Study from Pakistan" Antibiotics 12, no. 5: 931. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050931
APA StyleAziz, M. M., Rasool, M. F., Alanazi, M., Alharby, T. N., Alanazi, J., & Huwaimel, B. (2023). Evaluating the Counseling Standards and Ability of Pharmacy Staff to Detect Antibiotic-Drugs Interactions: A Simulated Client Study from Pakistan. Antibiotics, 12(5), 931. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050931