Identification of Suitable Mangrove Distribution Areas and Estimation of Carbon Stocks for Mangrove Protection and Restoration Action Plan in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Mangrove Area in China before the Action Plan (2019)
3.2. Mangrove Restoration and Afforestation Targets
3.3. Environment Variable
3.4. Geographical Zoning and Carbon Density Parameters Statistics
3.5. Application of the MaxEnt Model
3.6. Analysis of Mangrove Habitat Suitability
3.7. Prediction of Carbon Stock Change
4. Results
4.1. The Model Accuracy
4.2. Performance of Environmental Factors
4.3. Response of Environmental Factors to the Suitability of Mangrove Habitats
4.4. Spatial Distribution of Mangrove Habitat Suitability in China
4.5. Prediction of Carbon Stock Change in Mangrove Forests in China
5. Discussion
5.1. Accuracy of MaxEnt Model Predictions
5.2. Estimation of the Difficulty and Effectiveness of the Action Plan
5.3. Accuracy of Carbon Stock Estimation
5.4. Outlook for Future Mangrove Protection and Restoration
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Elevation was the most important factor affecting the overall distribution of mangrove forests in China, and the optimal elevation of mangrove distribution was 0.52 m, which should be considered in the protection and restoration of mangrove forests.
- (2)
- Hainan, Guangxi, and Guangdong had large areas of suitable habitat for mangrove forests, which had a high potential for carbon sinks. Danzhou Bay and Hongpai Harbor in Hainan, Lianzhou Bay in Guangxi, and the Huangmao Sea in Guangdong were potential habitat suitability areas not yet strongly protected.
- (3)
- Before the action plan, the carbon stock of China’s mangrove forests was 5.17 Tg C. After the action plan, the carbon stock would be increased by 4.13 Tg C, and the total carbon stock would reach 9.30 Tg C. Other suitable areas not included in this plan could still increase carbon stocks by 7.99 Tg C in the long term.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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District | Restoration Area (ha) | Afforestation Area (ha) |
---|---|---|
Guangdong | 2500 | 5500 |
Guangxi | 3500 | 1000 |
Hainan | 3200 | 2000 |
Fujian | 550 | 350 |
Zhejiang | 0 | 200 |
Total | 9750 | 9050 |
Data Type | Variable | Interpretation | Unit | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bioclimate | Bio 2 | Mean Diurnal Range | °C | Global climate and weather data (https://www.worldclim.org/, accessed on 27 April 2023) |
Bio 3 | Isothermality | °C | ||
Bio 5 | Max Temperature of Warmest Month | °C | ||
Bio 7 | Temperature Annual Range | °C | ||
Bio 8 | Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter | °C | ||
Bio 12 | Annual Precipitation | mm | ||
Bio 16 | Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | mm | ||
Bio 17 | Precipitation of Driest Quarter | mm | ||
Bio 19 | Precipitation of Coldest Quarter | mm | ||
Terrain | TWI | Topographic Wetness Index | - | Gridded Bathymetry Data (https://www.gebco.net, accessed on 11 May 2023) |
Elevation | Sea floor elevation | m | ||
Substrate type | Substrate | Substrate type | - | National Maine Data Center (http://mds.nmdis.org.cn/, accessed on 2 June 2023) |
Sea surface salinity | Max_SSS | Maximum sea surface salinity | - | Bio-ORACLE Marine data layers for ecological modelling (https://www.bio-oracle.org/, accessed on 17 May 2023) |
Min_SSS | Minimum sea surface salinity | - | ||
Sea surface temperature | Max_SST | Maximum sea surface temperature | °C | Bio-ORACLE Marine data layers for ecological modelling (https://www.bio-oracle.org/, accessed on 17 May 2023) |
District | Included Cities | AGBC (t/ha) | BGBC (t/ha) | SC (t/ha) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southern Hainan (S_HN) | Ledong, Sanya, Lingshui | 53.2 | 21.5 | 149.23 | [24,25,26,27,28] |
Western Hainan (W_HN) | Danzhou, Changjiang, Dongfang | 47.91 | 15.94 | 216.84 | [24,25,26,27,28] |
Eastern Hainan (E_HN) | Qionghai, Wanning | 41.4 | 18.63 | 127.84 | [28] |
Northern Hainan (N_HN) | Lingao, Chengmai, Haikou, Wenchang | 47.91 | 22.06 | 167.01 | [24,25,26,28,29,30,31,32] |
Southern Guangxi (S_GX) | Fangchenggang, Qinzhou, Beihai | 38.12 | 13.7 | 138.5 | [33,34,35,36,37,38] |
Western Guangdong (W_GD) | Zhanjiang, Maoming, Yangjiang | 42.72 | 15.82 | 163.37 | [25,26,39,40,41,42,43] |
Central Guangdong (C_GD) | Jiangmen, Zhuhai, Zhongshan, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen, Huizhou | 47.72 | 15.35 | 155.67 | [25,43,44,45,46,47,48] |
Eastern Guangdong (E_GD) | Shanwei, Jieyang, Shantou, Chaozhou | 55.14 | 15.49 | 185 | [42,43] |
Southern Fujian (S_FJ) | Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Quanzhou | 36.26 | 18.17 | 105.27 | [25,26,32,41,49] |
Central Fujian (C_FJ) | Putian, Fuzhou | 5.7 | 2.97 | 129.68 | [25,30] |
Eastern Fujian (E_FJ) | Ningde | 11.91 | 7.43 | 135.05 | [25,50,51,52,53] |
Southern Zhejiang (S_ZJ) | Wenzhou, Taizhou | 2.13 | 1.56 | 115.06 | [25,54] |
Variable | Interpretation | Contribution (%) | Imporance (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Elevation | Sea floor elevation | 46.2 | 66.2 |
Bio 19 | Precipitation of Coldest Quarter | 7.7 | 10.3 |
Bio 5 | Max Temperature of Warmest Month | 5.9 | 8.1 |
Bio 7 | Temperature Annual Range | 1.7 | 4.9 |
Bio 16 | Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | 14.6 | 1.9 |
Bio 12 | Annual Precipitation | 1 | 1.8 |
Substrate | Substrate type | 8.3 | 1.8 |
Bio 8 | Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter | 3.3 | 1.6 |
Bio 3 | Isothermality | 2.3 | 1.1 |
Bio 2 | Mean Diurnal Range | 0.1 | 0.7 |
Min_SSS | Minimum sea surface salinity | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Max_SST | Maximum sea surface temperature | 3.1 | 0.5 |
Max_SSS | Maximum sea surface salinity | 0.5 | 0.3 |
TWI | Topographic Wetness Index | 4.4 | 0.3 |
Bio 17 | Precipitation of Driest Quarter | 0.3 | 0 |
Variable | Interpretation | Unit | Threshold Range | Optimal Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Elevation | Sea floor elevation | m | −1.73~4.30 | 0.52 |
Bio 19 | Precipitation of Coldest Quarter | mm | 6.44~172.34 | 6.44 |
Bio 5 | Max Temperature of Warmest Month | °C | 30.54~33.65 | 33.65 |
Bio 7 | Temperature Annual Range | °C | 11.29~27.55 | 18.77 |
Bio 16 | Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | mm | 376.63~1765.75 | 460.72 |
Bio 12 | Annual Precipitation | mm | 749.28~2882.55 | 2707.63 |
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Feng, B.; Tao, Y.; Xie, X.; Qin, Y.; Hu, B.; Jia, R.; Pan, L.; Liu, W.; Jiang, W. Identification of Suitable Mangrove Distribution Areas and Estimation of Carbon Stocks for Mangrove Protection and Restoration Action Plan in China. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030445
Feng B, Tao Y, Xie X, Qin Y, Hu B, Jia R, Pan L, Liu W, Jiang W. Identification of Suitable Mangrove Distribution Areas and Estimation of Carbon Stocks for Mangrove Protection and Restoration Action Plan in China. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(3):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030445
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Bingbin, Yancheng Tao, Xiansheng Xie, Yingying Qin, Baoqing Hu, Renming Jia, Lianghao Pan, Wenai Liu, and Weiguo Jiang. 2024. "Identification of Suitable Mangrove Distribution Areas and Estimation of Carbon Stocks for Mangrove Protection and Restoration Action Plan in China" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030445