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Volume 14
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10.3390/jcm14207178
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Systematic Review

Ultrasound-Guided Localization of the Refill Port for Intrathecal Infusion Pump Recharge: A Systematic Review

by
Beatriz Lechuga Carrasco
1,
Nicolás Cordero Tous
1,
Andrés Reinoso-Cobo
2,
Jonathan Cortés-Martín
3,*,
Juan Carlos Sánchez-García
3,
Raquel Rodríguez-Blanque
3 and
Rafael Gálvez Mateos
1
1
Virgen de las Nieves, University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
2
Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga—Teatinos, Arquitecto Francisco Peñalosa 3, 29071 Malaga, Spain
3
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207178 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 July 2025 / Revised: 28 August 2025 / Accepted: 10 October 2025 / Published: 11 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Pain Management)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Managing pain with intrathecal infusion pumps has significantly improved the treatment of individuals whose pain is uncontrollable by other methods. Using ultrasound to locate the refill port of these infusion pumps may offer an improvement over traditional methods. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to update existing knowledge on the use of ultrasound for locating the refill port in intrathecal infusion pumps. Methods: The PRISMA review protocol was followed, and the review was registered in PROSPERO under registration number CRD 42024595671. Results: The main findings indicate that this technique is primarily used only in complex cases where access is difficult. Pain assessment, patient satisfaction, and recharge time compared to the traditional method are crucial factors for selecting the type of process to implement. Conclusions: No conclusive data are presented regarding the technique’s effect on pain reduction, patient satisfaction, reduction in time spent refilling the pump, or the prior experience level of the professional performing it, but notable improvements in these aspects are observed in certain situations.
Keywords: intrathecal infusion; ultrasound; refill port; pain intrathecal infusion; ultrasound; refill port; pain

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lechuga Carrasco, B.; Cordero Tous, N.; Reinoso-Cobo, A.; Cortés-Martín, J.; Sánchez-García, J.C.; Rodríguez-Blanque, R.; Gálvez Mateos, R. Ultrasound-Guided Localization of the Refill Port for Intrathecal Infusion Pump Recharge: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 7178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207178

AMA Style

Lechuga Carrasco B, Cordero Tous N, Reinoso-Cobo A, Cortés-Martín J, Sánchez-García JC, Rodríguez-Blanque R, Gálvez Mateos R. Ultrasound-Guided Localization of the Refill Port for Intrathecal Infusion Pump Recharge: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(20):7178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207178

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lechuga Carrasco, Beatriz, Nicolás Cordero Tous, Andrés Reinoso-Cobo, Jonathan Cortés-Martín, Juan Carlos Sánchez-García, Raquel Rodríguez-Blanque, and Rafael Gálvez Mateos. 2025. "Ultrasound-Guided Localization of the Refill Port for Intrathecal Infusion Pump Recharge: A Systematic Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 20: 7178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207178

APA Style

Lechuga Carrasco, B., Cordero Tous, N., Reinoso-Cobo, A., Cortés-Martín, J., Sánchez-García, J. C., Rodríguez-Blanque, R., & Gálvez Mateos, R. (2025). Ultrasound-Guided Localization of the Refill Port for Intrathecal Infusion Pump Recharge: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(20), 7178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207178

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