Bone Health in Metabolic Syndrome—Is It a Neglected Aspect of Dysmetabolic-Related Diseases?

Biamonte, Emilia; Bendotti, Giulia; Nigro, Giulia; Cavigiolo, Beatrice; Gallo, Marco

doi:10.3390/jcm14165785

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Bone Health in Metabolic Syndrome—Is It a Neglected Aspect of Dysmetabolic-Related Diseases?

by

Emilia Biamonte

^1,*,

Giulia Bendotti

¹

,

Giulia Nigro

²,

Beatrice Cavigiolo

³ and

Marco Gallo

¹

Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy

²

Metabolic and Nutritional Disease Unit, ASST Bergamo EST, Ospedale Bolognini, 24068 Seriate, Italy

³

Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, ASL Vercelli, 13100 Vercelli, Italy

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5785; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165785

Submission received: 22 June 2025 / Revised: 1 August 2025 / Accepted: 12 August 2025 / Published: 15 August 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Syndrome and Its Burden on Global Health)

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Abstract

Due to their widespread prevalence and the aging global population, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and osteoporosis represent significant public health challenges. Clinical interest in MetS is currently primarily focused on cardiovascular risks. However, emerging evidence indicates that metabolic conditions may also adversely affect bone health. Each component of MetS—especially glucose metabolism impairment, central obesity, and endocrine factors—impacts bones in distinct ways, creating a complex network of interactions that influences skeletal health. These metabolic disturbances can lead to changes in bone remodeling, potentially resulting in alterations to bone mineral density and microarchitectural structure and an increased risk of fractures. Regarding uncertain and controversial pieces of evidence about the effect of MetS on bone health, this narrative review discusses and summarizes the current research on the association of MetS and its components with bone metabolism, bone quantity (based on bone mineral density, or BMD), bone quality (based on trabecular bone score, or TBS), and fracture risk.

Keywords: bone health; osteoporosis; fracture risk; mineral density; trabecular bone score; insulin resistance; metabolic syndrome; obesity; dyslipidemia; hypertension

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MDPI and ACS Style

Biamonte, E.; Bendotti, G.; Nigro, G.; Cavigiolo, B.; Gallo, M. Bone Health in Metabolic Syndrome—Is It a Neglected Aspect of Dysmetabolic-Related Diseases? J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5785. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165785

AMA Style

Biamonte E, Bendotti G, Nigro G, Cavigiolo B, Gallo M. Bone Health in Metabolic Syndrome—Is It a Neglected Aspect of Dysmetabolic-Related Diseases? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(16):5785. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165785

Chicago/Turabian Style

Biamonte, Emilia, Giulia Bendotti, Giulia Nigro, Beatrice Cavigiolo, and Marco Gallo. 2025. "Bone Health in Metabolic Syndrome—Is It a Neglected Aspect of Dysmetabolic-Related Diseases?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 16: 5785. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165785

APA Style

Biamonte, E., Bendotti, G., Nigro, G., Cavigiolo, B., & Gallo, M. (2025). Bone Health in Metabolic Syndrome—Is It a Neglected Aspect of Dysmetabolic-Related Diseases? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(16), 5785. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165785

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Bone Health in Metabolic Syndrome—Is It a Neglected Aspect of Dysmetabolic-Related Diseases?

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