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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Results of a Multidisciplinary Stepwise Protocol to Treat Chronic Refractory Kidney-Related Pain

by
Paul Geertsema
1,*,
Ron T. Gansevoort
1,
Benjamin H. J. Doornweerd
2,
Robbert J. de Haas
3,
Joke M. Perdok
4,
Stijn Roemeling
2,
Ruud Stellema
4,
André P. Wolff
4 and
Niek F. Casteleijn
2,5
1
Department of Nephrology, Expertise Center for Polycystic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
2
Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
3
Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
4
Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
5
Department of Urology, Ommelander Ziekenhuis, 9679 BJ Scheemda, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5623; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165623
Submission received: 30 May 2025 / Revised: 30 July 2025 / Accepted: 1 August 2025 / Published: 8 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Nephrology & Urology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Kidney-related pain can be chronic, disabling and negatively impact quality of life. In this prospective case series, we assessed whether a stepwise multidisciplinary treatment protocol, originally developed to treat ADPKD-related pain, can provide significant pain relief in non-ADPKD patients with kidney-related pain. Methods: Patients were eligible if they had incapacitating kidney-related pain with a visual analogue scale (VAS) score ≥50 out of 100, lasting ≥3 months and with insufficient response to previous treatments. The main exclusion criterion was ADPKD. Treatment options were, in order when indicated, nonpharmacological treatments, analgesics, cyst aspiration and fenestration, nerve blocks and nephrectomy. The effect of treatment on pain was investigated by means of VAS scores, defined daily dose of pain medication and quality-of-life scores. Results: Twelve patients (67% female, median age 50 [IQR: 36–59] years), with a median duration of pain of 1.9 [1.0–4.7] years, were included. In 50% of cases, chronic pain remained after an acute episode of kidney stones. Median follow-up after treatment was 3.8 [IQR: 2.5–4.4] years. The VAS before treatment (70 (48–90)) was reduced at short-term (35 [28–53], p = 0.01) and long-term follow-up (40 [38–53], p = 0.01). In addition, the defined daily dose of both opioids and non-opioids was reduced at short-term follow-up (p = 0.04 and 0.04, respectively) as well as at long-term follow-up (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: We found that our multidisciplinary treatment protocol is effective in achieving sustained pain relief as well as a reduction in the use of pain medication in non-ADPKD patients with chronic, refractory kidney-related pain.
Keywords: pain; treatment; nerve blocks; kidney disease; kidney-related pain pain; treatment; nerve blocks; kidney disease; kidney-related pain

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MDPI and ACS Style

Geertsema, P.; Gansevoort, R.T.; Doornweerd, B.H.J.; de Haas, R.J.; Perdok, J.M.; Roemeling, S.; Stellema, R.; Wolff, A.P.; Casteleijn, N.F. Results of a Multidisciplinary Stepwise Protocol to Treat Chronic Refractory Kidney-Related Pain. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5623. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165623

AMA Style

Geertsema P, Gansevoort RT, Doornweerd BHJ, de Haas RJ, Perdok JM, Roemeling S, Stellema R, Wolff AP, Casteleijn NF. Results of a Multidisciplinary Stepwise Protocol to Treat Chronic Refractory Kidney-Related Pain. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(16):5623. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165623

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geertsema, Paul, Ron T. Gansevoort, Benjamin H. J. Doornweerd, Robbert J. de Haas, Joke M. Perdok, Stijn Roemeling, Ruud Stellema, André P. Wolff, and Niek F. Casteleijn. 2025. "Results of a Multidisciplinary Stepwise Protocol to Treat Chronic Refractory Kidney-Related Pain" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 16: 5623. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165623

APA Style

Geertsema, P., Gansevoort, R. T., Doornweerd, B. H. J., de Haas, R. J., Perdok, J. M., Roemeling, S., Stellema, R., Wolff, A. P., & Casteleijn, N. F. (2025). Results of a Multidisciplinary Stepwise Protocol to Treat Chronic Refractory Kidney-Related Pain. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(16), 5623. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165623

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