Association between Unplanned Conversion and Patient Survival after Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis
by
, , ,
Boram Lee
,
Jai Young Cho
*,
Ho-Seong Han
,
Yoo-Seok Yoon
,
Hae Won Lee
,
MeeYoung Kang
,
Yeshong Park
and
Jinju Kim
Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gumi-ro, 173, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13620, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041116
Submission received: 5 January 2024
/
Revised: 2 February 2024
/
Accepted: 10 February 2024
/
Published: 16 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Laparoscopic Surgery)
Abstract
:Unplanned conversion (UPC) is considered to be a predictor of poor postoperative outcomes. However, the effects of UPC on the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes between patients who underwent laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and those who underwent UPC for HCC. Among 1029 patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy between 2004 and 2021, 251 were eligible for the study. Of 251 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC in PS segments, 29 (26.0%) required UPC, and 222 underwent LLR. After 1:5 PSM, 25 patients were selected for the UPC group and 125 for the LLR group. Blood loss, transfusion rate, hospital stay, and postoperative complication were higher in the UPC group. Regarding oncologic outcomes, although the 5-year overall survival rate was similar in both groups (p = 0.544), the recurrence-free survival rate was lower in the UPC group (p < 0.001). UPC was associated with poor short-term as well as inferior long-term outcomes compared with LLR for HCC in PS segments. Therefore, surgeons must carefully select patients and consider early conversion if unexpected bleeding occurs to maintain safety and oncologic outcomes.
1. Introduction
Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) is now widely accepted as a treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1]. With advances in surgical instruments and accumulated experience in performing laparoscopic surgery, LLR has demonstrated acceptable oncologic outcomes for minor and major liver resection relative to open liver resection (OLR) [2]. In addition, LLR was superior to OLR in terms of short-term outcomes such as postoperative complications, blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and functional recovery [3]. LLR has proven to be a safe and feasible treatment option for HCC and is now considered a standard procedure for HCC resection in many centers worldwide. However, these positive outcomes are obtained when LLR is safely completed.
Conversion to open surgery might nullify the benefits of laparoscopic surgery. Emergency conversion was associated with significant increases in postoperative complication rates and length of stay and, more importantly, higher 30- and 90-day mortality rates [4,5,6]. Because most of the indications for emergency conversion were related to bleeding or damage to the surrounding structures, conversion is associated with poor short-term outcomes after surgery. Nevertheless, the impact of conversion to open surgery on long-term outcomes remains controversial. Several studies have demonstrated that conversion to open surgery may be associated with adverse long-term oncologic outcomes in laparoscopic colorectal surgery [7,8,9]. However, other studies have reported similar oncological outcomes after colectomy between converted and non-converted patients [10,11]. To date, few studies have investigated the clinical impact of conversion to open surgery compared with LLR.
LLR in the posterosuperior (PS) segments (Segments 1, 4A, 7, and 8) is a technically challenging procedure because of the difficulty of exposing deeply located lesions, isolating the target Glissonean pedicle, and accurately determining the cutting plane during parenchymal transection [12,13,14]. For these reasons, a multivariable analysis revealed that lesions located in the PS segments are a predictive risk factor for the conversion to open surgery irrespective of the learning curve for LLR [15]. Therefore, in this study, we compared the surgical and oncological outcomes between patients who required unplanned conversion during LLR with those of patients who underwent successful LLR for HCC located in PS segments after matching the groups using the propensity score matching (PSM) method.
2. Materials and Methods
This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea, which is an academic hospital affiliated with Seoul National University, College of Medicine (B-2212-799-102). The medical records of consecutive patients who underwent liver resection for HCC between January 2004 and May 2021 were retrieved from the institution’s prospectively collected databases.
Among 1029 patients identified from the databases, we reviewed the records for 298 consecutive patients who underwent curative intent LLR for HCC in the PS segments by the same surgical team. LLR was performed by four surgeons, all of whom had more than 100 cases of experience. After applying the exclusion criteria (conversion to open surgery owing to advanced disease, n = 21; conversion owing to severe adhesion, n = 12; and patients with incomplete data, n = 14), 251 patients were included in this study. Of these, 222 underwent LLR, and 29 required UPC owing to massive bleeding during surgery.
As part of preoperative planning for liver resection, the surgeon determined whether to use an open and laparoscopic approach based on the tumor size, tumor location, and hepatic function. In general, LLR was performed for tumors located ≥5 cm from the major vascular or biliary structures, allowing the surgeon to technically secure the surgical margin. Absolute contraindications to LLR included the need for vascular resection and reconstruction or en-bloc multi-visceral resection. All of the patients were discussed in multidisciplinary meetings to assess the feasibility of the planned surgical approach. For this study, we defined UPC as attempted LLR, which required unscheduled conversion to open surgery owing to bleeding.
2.1. Variables
Data collected from the medical records included patient demographics, preoperative disease characteristics, operative details, pathological outcomes, and survival data. We used 1:5 PSM to limit selection bias and to match patients based on preoperative clinical factors. After adjusting for these factors, the short- and long-term operative outcomes were compared between the two matched groups (LLR and UPC groups). The extent of hepatectomy was classified according to the Brisbane 2000 terminology [16]. Postoperative complications (within 30 days after surgery) were based on the most severe complication and were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo (C-D) classification [17]. Major complications were defined as those with a C-D grade of ≥III.
2.2. Survival Outcomes
Patients were followed up by abdominal computed tomography and blood tests, including measurement of tumor markers, every 3 months for the first 2 years after primary surgery and then every 3–6 months thereafter. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from primary surgery to the date of death, regardless of cause. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was defined as the time from primary surgery to the first documented detection of recurrence during regular follow-up.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software package version 25 for Windows (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The demographic, perioperative, and clinical data were summarized using descriptive statistics and are presented as the mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise stated. Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables, and Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables. OS and RFS were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves. To identify variables that were independently associated with UPC, we performed logistic regression analysis with backward stepwise variable selection at a significance level of p < 0.05. We also performed Cox proportional hazards regression modeling to examine the strength of the association between covariates and survival times. All analyses were performed using a two-tailed α-value of 0.05, and p < 0.05 or the 95% confidence interval (CI) indicated statistical significance.
3. Results
Among 251 patients who underwent liver resection for HCC located in PS segments, 29 (26.0%) required UPC, and 222 underwent LLR. After 1:5 PSM, 25 patients were selected for the UPC group, and 120 were selected for the LLR group.
3.1. Demographic and Disease Characteristics
Table 1 shows the patients’ demographic and disease characteristics, as well as both groups matched by PSM. Before PSM, the proportion of patients with a Child-Pugh score of B was significantly greater in the UPC group (17.2% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.001), and mean tumor size was significantly larger in the UPC group than in the LLR group (4.2 ± 2.8 vs. 3.3 ± 2.2 cm, p = 0.013). After PSM, the patient characteristics were well balanced in both groups, with no significant differences in demographic variables (age, body mass index (BMI), sex, hypertension, diabetes, and prior abdominal surgery), liver-related factors (virology, model for end-stage liver disease score, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, international normalized ratio, platelet count, and Child-Pugh score), and tumor-related factors (prior transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, preoperative α-fetoprotein level, and mean tumor size).
3.2. Surgical and Oncological Outcomes
Table 2 shows the surgical and oncological outcomes in both groups after PSM. The proportion of patients who underwent tumorectomy was similar in the UPC and LLR groups (44.0% vs. 43.2%). Although the operation time was not significantly different between the UPC and LLR groups (337.2 ± 203.1 vs. 302.7 ± 173.2 min, p = 0.254), blood loss (3172.1 ± 4527.0 vs. 809.4 ± 1026.4 mL, p < 0.001) and the intraoperative blood transfusion rate (48.0% vs. 24.8%, p = 0.028) were both significantly greater in the UPC group. The major complication rate (28.0% vs. 18.1%, p = 0.042) and the length of hospital stay (14.8 ± 18.3 vs. 8.9 ± 8.3 days, p = 0.015) were also significantly greater in the UPC group. There were no differences between the two groups with regard to pathologic characteristics (R0 resection rate, surgical margin, microvascular invasion, serosal invasion, and tumor stage).
3.3. Survival Analysis
The median follow-up of the whole study population was 40 months (range 1–203 months). The OS and RFS curves are displayed in Figure 1. The OS curves were similar in both groups; the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 91.2%, 81.1%, and 69.8%, respectively, in the UPC group and 92.0%, 84.0%, and 75.8%, respectively, in the LLR group (p = 0.544). However, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates were significantly worse in the UPC group (71.2%, 53.9%, and 35.9%, respectively) than in the LLR group (91.5%, 86.9%, and 78.9%, respectively; p < 0.001).
3.4. Univariate and Multivariable Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Poor OS and RFS
Table 3 presents the factors associated with poor OS and RFS after liver resection. The preoperative BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, preoperative hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dL), presence of cirrhosis, tumor size > 5 cm, operation time > 300 min, intraoperative blood loss > 500 mL, intraoperative transfusion, microvascular invasion, pathologic T stage, and hospital stay >7 days were associated with poor OS in the univariate analyses. In the multivariable analysis, preoperative BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.073; 95% CI 1.055–4.072; p = 0.034), hypoalbuminemia (HR 3.497; 95% CI 1.600–7.464, p = 0.002), operation time > 300 min (HR 2.840; 95% CI 1.121–7.194, p = 0.028), microvascular invasion (HR 2.503; 95% CI 1.022–6.708, p = 0.042), and pT4 (HR 6.692; 95% CI 1.119–14.698, p = 0.041) were associated with poor OS. The operation type (LLR vs. UPC) was not significantly associated with OS.
For RFS, preoperative thrombocytopenia (<100 × 103/µL), operation type, intraoperative blood loss > 500 mL, intraoperative transfusion, and microvascular invasion were significantly associated with poor RFS. In the multivariable analysis, preoperative thrombocytopenia (HR 2.081; 95% CI 1.161–3.370, p = 0.014), intraoperative blood loss > 500 mL (HR 2.194; 95% CI 1.119–4.299; p = 0.022), and microvascular invasion (HR 2.401; 95% CI 1.344–4.288, p = 0.003) were significantly associated with poor RFS. Furthermore, UPC was significantly associated with worse RFS (HR 2.203; 95% CI 1.045–4.643; p = 0.038).
3.5. Risk Factors Associated with UPC
Table 4 shows the results of the univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses of preoperative variables associated with UPC. In univariable analysis, potential risk factors for conversion included hypoalbuminemia and tumor size ≥ 3 cm. In the multivariable analysis, only hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of UPC (HR 4.873, 95% CI 1.904–12.471, p = 0.001).
4. Discussion
This is the first study to assess the oncologic outcomes of UPC in patients undergoing LLR for HCC located in the PS segments. In this study, UPC was associated with poor short-term outcomes as well as inferior RFS compared with LLR. Moreover, UPC was an independent predictive factor for poor RFS.
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has notable benefits in terms of reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery time compared with conventional surgery. Among the types of MIS for various organs, LLR is a procedure that can maximize the advantages of MIS because it does not require anastomosis or vascular resection [18]. Indeed, several systemic reviews and meta-analyses comparing surgical types (LLR vs. OLR) have shown that LLR has short-term clinical advantages and comparable long-term oncologic outcomes [19,20,21]. However, a double-edged sword of MIS is that the risk of unexpected conversion to open surgery should always be taken into account. Conversion to open surgery may not only reduce or eliminate the advantages associated with laparoscopic surgery but may even result in a worse prognosis than would be expected.
In this study, the surgical outcomes following UPC included greater intraoperative blood loss, greater transfusion requirements, longer hospital stay, and increased morbidity compared with LLR, consistent with the results of previous studies [9,21,22,23]. These results are somewhat predictable because the most common reason for UPC is uncontrolled bleeding during LLR. It is also well known that excessive blood loss is an important predictor of postoperative complications after hepatectomy [23,24].
However, the clinical significance of UPC regarding long-term oncologic outcomes is controversial. Stiles et al. reported that UPC was associated with poor OS compared with successful LLR and more predominant differences in major resection [25]. By contrast, Lee et al. demonstrated no statistically significant difference in OS between LLR and open conversion [22]. They explained that these results were due to early conversion after considering the operation time and surgical difficulty. It is important to remember that the clinical significance of UPC may vary according to the clinical situation and the timing of conversion. Therefore, in this study, we performed an analysis of patients who required UPC owing to unexpected massive bleeding.
Although the OS was similar between the two groups, RFS was worse in the UPC group than in the LLR group in our study. Notably, UPC was an independent risk factor for poor RFS. There are several factors that may explain this adverse effect of UPC on survival. First, the excessive blood loss and transfusion in the UPC group may introduce an immunologic disadvantage compared with the LLR group. In previous studies, excessive blood loss during liver resection was significantly associated with poor oncologic outcomes [26,27,28]. One possible explanation is that a hypoxic environment could promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which makes the residual tumor cells more aggressive [29]. In addition, in transfused patients, the most reasonable explanation for the worse recurrence rate in patients with HCC is the immunosuppressive effect on the host that occurs after transfusion, a process termed transfusion-related immunomodulation [30,31]. Second, in this study, the rate of major complications was significantly greater in the UPC group than in the LLR group. Chok et al. reported that postoperative complications could lead to adverse long-term outcomes after resection of HCC [32]. Zhou et al. reported that the occurrence of postoperative complications is a predictive factor for HCC recurrence, especially early recurrence, after curative hepatectomy [33]. One possible factor that promotes metastatic growth and early recurrence is immunosuppression resulting from systemic inflammatory responses [34]. Third, remnant liver ischemia (RLI) in the UPC group may be associated with poor oncologic outcomes. Cho et al. reported that longer operative time was an independent risk factor for severe RLI after hepatectomy [34]. Because patients in the UPC group had a longer operative time and suffered hypoxic damage owing to excessive bleeding, it seems likely that they developed RLI. Patients with severe RLI had a higher recurrence rate and a lower RFS rate after hepatectomy compared with patients with minimal RLI [35]. Although the mechanisms underlying the worse prognosis of patients with severe RLI are poorly understood, liver ischemic injury can lead to lymphocyte dysfunction and promote the release of cytokines and chemokines [36]. If this period of suppressed immunity is prolonged by severe RLI, it may lead to increased growth of occult micrometastases [35]. For these reasons, the poor long-term outcomes of UPC for hepatectomy seem inevitable.
Careful patient selection and a step-by-step approach are recommended to ensure the patient’s safety when considering LLR. Moreover, as the subject of this study, LLR for a tumor located in the PS segments is technically difficult, requiring very strict patient selection. Troisi et al. reported that, according to the surgeon’s experience and irrespective of the learning curve, resection of the PS segments was identified as an independent risk factor for the conversion of LLR [15]. In this study, hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of conversion. Although our study did not demonstrate a significant impact of the cirrhosis on conversion, it is important to acknowledge the centrality of cirrhosis and portal hypertension (PTN) in the laparoscopic liver resection [37].
This study has several limitations. First, although this study included patients who required UPC owing to bleeding, we cannot exclude potential selection bias due to the retrospective design of the study. However, by prioritizing uncontrolled bleeding as a key inclusion criterion, we aim to focus on factors that have a more direct and clinical impact on patient outcomes. Second, the small sample size may reduce the power of the study and increase the margin of error. Therefore, further prospective registry data are required to gather more meaningful findings. Lastly, since our study predominantly included cases performed after the learning curve for LLR, it was influenced to a lesser extent by the surgeon’s experience. However, surgeon experience is a significant prognostic factor in LLR and remains an important consideration. Despite these limitations, this is the first study to analyze the significance of UPC when performing LLR for tumors located in the PS segments.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, the present study showed that UPC in patients undergoing LLR for HCC located in PS segments was associated with poor short-term outcomes, as well as inferior RFS, compared with LLR. Therefore, patient selection and early conversion in the event of unexpected bleeding should be carefully considered to ensure the patient’s safety and oncologic outcomes. Further prospective studies are required to confirm the impact of UPC on patient outcomes.
Author Contributions
All authors made substantial contributions to the conception, design, and/or acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation of data. All authors participated in drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content and gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by grant no 02-2022-0029 from the SNUBH Research Fund.
Institutional Review Board Statement
This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea, which is an academic hospital affiliated with Seoul National University, College of Medicine (B-2212-799-102).
Informed Consent Statement
Patient consent was waived due to its retrospective design.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
- Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) and National Cancer Center (NCC) Korea. 2022 KLCA-NCC Korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 2022, 28, 583–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hendi, M.; Lv, J.; Cai, X.J. Current status of laparoscopic hepatectomy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic literature review. Medicine 2021, 100, e27826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haney, C.M.; Studier-Fischer, A.; Probst, P.; Fan, C.; Müller, P.C.; Golriz, M.; Diener, M.K.; Hackert, T.; Müller-Stich, B.P.; Mehrabi, A.; et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing laparoscopic and open liver resection. HPB 2021, 23, 1467–1481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halls, M.C.; Cipriani, F.; Berardi, G.; Barkhatov, L.; Lainas, P.; Alzoubi, M.; D’Hondt, M.; Rotellar, F.; Dagher, I.; Aldrighetti, L.; et al. Conversion for unfavorable intraoperative events results in significantly worst outcomes during laparoscopic liver resection: Lessons learned from a multicenter review of 2861 cases. Ann. Surg. 2018, 268, 1051–1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, C.; Wexner, S.D.; Safar, B.; Jobanputra, S.; Jin, H.; Li, V.K.; Nogueras, J.J.; Weiss, E.G.; Sands, D.R. Conversion in laparoscopic surgery: Does intraoperative complication influence outcome? Surg. Endosc. 2009, 23, 2454–2458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lof, S.; Korrel, M.; van Hilst, J.; Moekotte, A.L.; Bassi, C.; Butturini, G.; Boggi, U.; Dokmak, S.; Edwin, B.; Falconi, M.; et al. European Consortium on Minimally Invasive Pancreatic Surgery (E-MIPS). Outcomes of Elective and Emergency Conversion in Minimally Invasive Distal Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: An International Multicenter Propensity Score-matched Study. Ann. Surg. 2019, 274, e1001–e1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mungo, B.; Papageorge, C.M.; Stem, M.; Molena, D.; Lidor, A.O. The impact of operative approach on postoperative complications following colectomy for colon caner. World J. Surg. 2017, 41, 2143–2152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clancy, C.; O’Leary, D.P.; Burke, J.P.; Redmond, H.P.; Coffey, J.C.; Kerin, M.J.; Myers, E. A meta-analysis to determine the oncological implications of conversion in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. Color. Dis. 2015, 17, 482–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shin, H.; Cho, J.Y.; Han, H.-S.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Lee, H.W.; Lee, J.S.; Lee, B.; Kim, M.; Jo, Y. Risk factors and long-term implications of unplanned conversion during laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma located in anterolateral liver segments. J. Minim. Invasive Surg. 2021, 24, 191–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yerokun, B.A.; Adam, M.A.; Sun, Z.; Kim, J.; Sprinkle, S.; Migaly, J.; Mantyh, C.R. Does conversion in laparoscopic colectomy portend an inferior oncologic outcome? Results from 104,400 patients. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2016, 20, 1042–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franko, J.; Fassler, S.A.; Rezvani, M.; O’connell, B.G.; Harper, S.G.; Nejman, J.H.; Zebley, D.M. Conversion of laparoscopic colon resection does not affect survival in colon cancer. Surg. Endosc. 2008, 22, 2631–2634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aghayan, D.L.; Fretland, A.; Kazaryan, A.M.; Sahakyan, M.A.; Dagenborg, V.J.; Bjørnbeth, B.A.; Flatmark, K.; Kristiansen, R.; Edwin, B. Laparoscopic versus open liver resection in the posterosuperior segments: A sub-group analysis from the OSLO-COMET randomized controlled trial. HPB 2019, 21, 1485–1490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, J.Y.; Han, H.S.; Yoon, Y.S.; Shin, S.H. Feasibility of laparoscopic liver resection for tumors located in the posterosuperior segments of the liver, with a special reference to overcoming current limitations on tumor location. Surgery 2008, 144, 32–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, F.; Xu, Z.; Sun, D.; Jiao, C.; Ji, G.; Wang, K. A comprehensive framework of the right posterior section for tailored anatomical liver resection based on three-dimensional simulation system. Ann. Transl. Med. 2022, 10, 852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Troisi, R.I.; Montalti, R.; Van Limmen, J.G.; Cavaniglia, D.; Reyntjens, K.; Rogiers, X.; De Hemptinne, B. Risk factors and management of conversions to an open approach in laparoscopic liver resection: Analysis of 265 consecutive cases. HPB 2014, 16, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Terminology Committee of the International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association 2000 IHPBA Brisbane 2000. Terminology of liver anatomy and resections. HPB 2000, 2, 333–339. [Google Scholar]
- Clavien, P.A.; Barkun, J.; de Oliveira, M.L.; Vauthey, J.N.; Dindo, D.; Schulick, R.D.; de Santibañes, E.; Pekolj, J.; Slankamenac, K.; Bassi, C.; et al. The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: Five-year experience. Ann. Surg. 2009, 250, 187–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ciria, R.; Padial, A.; Ayllón, M.D.; García-Gaitan, C.; Briceño, J. Fast-track protocols in laparoscopic liver surgery: Applicability and correlation with difficulty scoring systems. World J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2022, 14, 211–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.-Y.; Chen, Q.L.; Sun, L.L.; He, S.P.; Luo, X.F.; Huang, L.S.; Huang, J.H.; Xiong, C.M.; Zhong, C. Laparoscopic versus open major liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative cohort studies. BMC Cancer 2019, 19, 1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheung, T.T.; Dai, W.C.; Tsang, S.H.; Chan, A.C.; Chok, K.S.; Chan, S.C.; Lo, C.M. Pure Laparoscopic Hepatectomy Versus Open Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in 110 Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Propensity Analysis at a Single Center. Ann. Surg. 2016, 264, 612–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, H.-S.; Shehta, A.; Ahn, S.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Cho, J.Y.; Choi, Y. Laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: Case-matched study with propensity score matching. J. Hepatol. 2015, 63, 643–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.Y.; Rho, S.Y.; Han, D.H.; Choi, J.S.; Choi, G.H. Unplanned conversion during minimally invasive liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: Risk factors and surgical outcomes. Ann. Surg. Treat Res. 2020, 98, 23–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costi, R.; Scatton, O.; Haddad, L.; Randone, B.; Andraus, W.; Massault, P.P.; Soubrane, O. Lessons learned from the first 100 laparoscopic liver resections: Not delaying conversion may allow reduced blood loss and operative time. J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. 2012, 22, 425–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bodur, M.S.; Tomas, K.; Topaloğlu, S.; Oğuz, Ş.; Küçükaslan, H.; Dohman, D.; Karabulut, E.; Çalık, A. Effects of intraoperative blood loss during liver resection on patients’ outcome: A single- center experience. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 2021, 51, 1388–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stiles, Z.E.; Glazer, E.S.; Deneve, J.L.; Shibata, D.; Behrman, S.W.; Dickson, P.V. Long-Term Implications of Unplanned Conversion During Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2019, 26, 282–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katz, S.C.; Shia, J.; Liau, K.H.; Gonen, M.; Ruo, L.; Jarnagin, W.R.; Fong, Y.; D’Angelica, M.I.; Blumgart, L.H.; DeMatteo, R.P. Operative blood loss independently predicts recurrence and survival after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann. Surg. 2009, 249, 617–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, B.H.; Lee, D.; Jung, K.W.; Won, Y.J.; Cho, H. Cause of death and cause-specific mortality for primary liver cancer in South Korea: A nationwide population-based study in hepatitis B virus-endemic area. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 2022, 28, 242–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sasaki, K.; Matsuda, M.; Ohkura, Y.; Kawamura, Y.; Inoue, M.; Hashimoto, M.; Ikeda, K.; Kumada, H.; Watanabe, G. Factors associated with early cancer-related death after curative hepatectomy for solitary small hepatocellular carcinoma without macroscopic vascular invasion. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. 2014, 21, 142–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.; Teng, F.; Fu, H.; Guo, W.Y.; Shi, X.M.; Ni, Z.J.; Gao, X.G.; Ma, J.; Fu, Z.R.; Ding, G.S. Excessive intraoperative blood loss independently predicts recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015, 15, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harada, N.; Shirabe, K.; Maeda, T.; Kayashima, H.; Ishida, T.; Maehara, Y. Blood transfusion is associated with recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy in Child-Pugh class A patients. World J. Surg. 2015, 39, 1044–1051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajendran, L.; Ivanics, T.; Claasen, M.P.; Muaddi, H.; Sapisochin, G. The management of post-transplantation recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 2022, 28, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chok, K.S.; Ng, K.K.; Poon, R.T.; Lo, C.M.; Fan, S.T. Impact of postoperative complications on long-term outcome of curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br. J. Surg. 2009, 96, 81–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Y.M.; Zhang, X.F.; Li, B.; Sui, C.J.; Yang, J.M. Postoperative complications affect early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. BMC Cancer 2015, 15, 689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farid, S.G.M.; Aldouri, A.F.; Morris-Stiff, G.F.; Khan, A.Z.F.; Toogood, G.J.F.; Lodge, J.P.A.F.; Prasad, K.R.F. Correlation between postoperative infective complications and long-term outcomes after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Ann. Surg. 2010, 251, 91–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cho, J.Y.; Han, H.-S.; Choi, Y.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Kim, S.; Choi, J.K.; Jang, J.S.; Kwon, S.U.; Kim, H. Association of Remnant Liver Ischemia With Early Recurrence and Poor Survival After Liver Resection in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JAMA Surg. 2017, 152, 386–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Zee, K.J.; DeForge, L.E.; Fischer, E.; Marano, M.A.; Kenney, J.S.; Remick, D.G.; Lowry, S.F.; Moldawer, L.L. IL-8 in septic shock, endotoxemia, and after IL-1 administration. J. Immunol. 1991, 146, 3478–3482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berardi, G.; Muttillo, E.M.; Colasanti, M.; Mariano, G.; Meniconi, R.L.; Ferretti, S.; Guglielmo, N.; Angrisani, M.; Lucarini, A.; Garofalo, E.; et al. Challenging Scenarios and Debated Indications for Laparoscopic Liver Resections for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers 2023, 15, 1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1.
Survival curve ((a) overall survival; (b) recurrence-free survival).
Table 1.
Baseline patient and disease characteristics.
| Unmatched | After Applying PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | UPC (N = 29) | LLR (N = 222) | p Value | UPC (N = 25) | LLR (N = 120) | p Value |
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age (years) | 62.1 ± 10.5 | 61.2 ± 10.1 | 0.569 | 61.9 ± 10.5 | 61.4 ± 10.2 | 0.742 |
| Male (n [%]) | 22 (75.9%) | 171 (77.0%) | 0.820 | 18 (72.0%) | 94 (75.2%) | 0.802 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 0.929 | 24.8 ± 3.4 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 0.659 |
| HTN (n [%]) | 14 (48.3%) | 101 (45.5%) | 0.844 | 13 (52.0%) | 57 (45.6%) | 0.662 |
| Diabetes (n [%]) | 10 (34.5%) | 65 (29.3%) | 0.666 | 9 (36.0%) | 38 (30.4%) | 0.639 |
| Prior abdominal surgery (n [%]) | 6 (20.7%) | 70 (31.5%) | 0.286 | 6 (24.0%) | 29 (23.2%) | 1.000 |
| Preoperative data | ||||||
| Etiology (n [%]) | 0.451 | 0.607 | ||||
| Hepatitis B | 16 (55.2%) | 148 (67.0%) | 14 (56.0%) | 82 (66.1%) | ||
| Hepatitis C | 2 (6.9%) | 12 (5.4%) | 2 (8.0%) | 9 (7.3%) | ||
| MELD score | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 0.590 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 2.4 | 0.550 |
| Child-Pugh score | 0.001 | 0.262 | ||||
| A | 24 (82.8%) | 218 (98.2%) | 23 (92.0%) | 121 (96.8%) | ||
| B | 5 (17.2%) | 4 (1.8%) | 2 (8.0%) | 4 (3.2%) | ||
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.695 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.477 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 43.4 ± 26.6 | 46.5 ± 83.1 | 0.524 | 43.9 ± 28.3 | 49.8 ± 102.8 | 0.503 |
| AST (IU/L) | 49.4 ± 29.2 | 48.7 ± 87.3 | 0.725 | 50.1 ± 31.2 | 55.2 ± 111.7 | 0.513 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 0.003 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 0.976 |
| INR | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.983 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.648 |
| Platelet count (×103/μL) | 156.0 ± 50.7 | 187.1 ± 67.7 | 0.262 | 157.4 ± 49.8 | 177.4 ± 72.1 | 0.190 |
| Prior TACE (n [%]) | 8 (27.6%) | 49 (22.2%) | 0.448 | 7 (28.0%) | 32 (25.8%) | 0.807 |
| Prior RFA (n [%]) | 2 (6.9%) | 25 (11.3%) | 0.750 | 2 (8.0%) | 11 (8.8%) | 1.000 |
| AFP (ng/mL) | 191.9 ± 604.0 | 474.8 ± 2369.8 | 0.318 | 103.5 ± 298.4 | 298.3 ± 1061.8 | 0.128 |
| Preoperative Tumor size (cm) | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 0.013 | 4.0 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 0.139 |
All variables are presented as the mean and standard deviation or n (%) of patients. UPC, unplanned conversion; LLR, laparoscopic liver resection; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; AFP, α-fetoprotein.
Table 2.
Surgical and oncological outcomes in matched cohort.
| Variables | UPC (N = 25) | LLR (N = 120) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operation type (n [%]) | 0.369 | ||
| Right hemihepatectomy | 8 (32.0%) | 14 (11.2%) | |
| Right anterior sectionectomy | 0 | 1 (6.4%) | |
| Right posterior sectionectomy | 3 (12.0%) | 16 (13.3%) | |
| Segmentectomy | 3 (12.0%) | 35 (28.0%) | |
| Tumorectomy | 11 (44.0%) | 54 (43.2%) | |
| Operative parameters | |||
| Operation time (min) | 337.2 ± 203.1 | 302.7 ± 173.2 | 0.254 |
| Estimated blood loss (mL) | 3172.1 ± 4527.0 | 809.4 ± 1026.4 | <0.001 |
| Transfusion (n [%]) | 12 (48.0%) | 31 (24.8%) | 0.028 |
| Pringle maneuver (n [%]) | 15 (62.8%) | 65 (52.0%) | 0.379 |
| Pringle maneuver (min) | 40.5 ± 2.5 | 40.9 ± 27.9 | 0.783 |
| Postoperative data | |||
| Hospital stays (days) | 14.8 ± 18.3 | 8.9 ± 8.3 | 0.015 |
| C-D complications (n [%]) | 0.042 | ||
| IIIa | 6 (24.0%) | 13 (11.8%) | |
| IIIb | 1 (4.0%) | 4 (3.6%) | |
| IV | 0 | 2 (1.8%) | |
| V | 0 | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Pathologic data | |||
| R0 resection rate (n [%]) | 23 (92.0%) | 119 (95.2%) | 0.621 |
| Surgical margin (cm) | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.523 |
| Microvascular invasion (n [%]) | 10 (40.0%) | 61 (48.8%) | 0.512 |
| Serosal invasion (n [%]) | 7 (28.0%) | 31 (24.8%) | 0.802 |
| Tumor stage | 0.701 | ||
| I | 11 (44.0%) | 60 (48.0%) | |
| II | 11 (44.0%) | 54 (43.2%) | |
| III | 2 (8.0%) | 5 (4.0%) | |
| IV | 1 (4.0%) | 2 (1.6%) | |
| Total necrosis | 0 | 4 (3.2%) |
All variables are presented as the mean and standard deviation or n (%) of patients. UPC, unplanned conversion; LLR, laparoscopic liver resection; C-D, Clavien-Dindo.
Table 3.
Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors Associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival.
Table 3.
Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors Associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival.
| Overall Survival | Disease Free Survival | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||
| Risk Factor | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value |
| Age, ≥65 (years) | 0.027 | 0.385 | ||||
| Male, | 0.420 | 0.776 | ||||
| BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, | 0.022 | 2.073 (1.055–4.072) | 0.034 | 0.961 | ||
| Previous abdominal surgery | 0.065 | |||||
| Preop. TACE | 0.578 | 0.384 | ||||
| Preop. RFA | 0.574 | 0.407 | ||||
| Child-Pugh score B | 0.503 | |||||
| Albumin < 3.5 g/dL | 0.016 | 3.497 (1.600–7.646) | 0.002 | 0.172 | ||
| Platelet count < 100 (×103/μL) | 0.481 | 0.001 | 2.081 (1.161–3.730) | 0.014 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 0.439 | 0.286 | ||||
| Tumor size > 5 cm | 0.024 | 0.943 (0.472–1.885) | 0.868 | 0.849 | ||
| Operation type | 0.706 | 0.027 | ||||
| LLR | Reference | |||||
| UPC | 2.203 (1.045–4.643) | 0.038 | ||||
| Operation time > 300 min | 0.012 | 2.840 (1.121–7.194) | 0.028 | 0.325 | ||
| Intraoperative blood loss > 1000 mL | 0.002 | 1.379 (0.510–3.726) | 0.527 | <0.001 | 2.194 (1.119–4.299) | 0.022 |
| Intraoperative transfusion | 0.002 | 0.768 (0.275–2.146) | 0.614 | <0.001 | 1.353 (0.701–2.609) | 0.368 |
| Resection margin (R1) | 0.666 | 0.062 | ||||
| Microvascular invasion | <0.001 | 2.503 (1.022–6.798) | 0.042 | 0.002 | 2.401 (1.344–4.288) | 0.003 |
| Serosal invasion | 0.760 | 0.873 | ||||
| pT | ||||||
| 1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 2 | 0.872 | 1.063 (0.108–10.464) | 0.985 | 0.217 | ||
| 3 | 0.289 | 2.528 (0.223–28.698) | 0.454 | 0.517 | ||
| 4 | 0.013 | 6.692 (1.119–14.698) | 0.041 | 0.299 | ||
| Major complication (C-D ≥ III) | 0.162 | 0.182 | ||||
| Hospital stay (>7 days) | 0.043 | 0.921 (0.329–2.573) | 0.875 | 0.250 | ||
HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; Preop., preoperative; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; UPC, unplanned conversion; LLR, laparoscopic liver resection; C-D, Clavien-Dindo.
Table 4.
Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analysis of preoperative variables associated with conversion.
Table 4.
Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analysis of preoperative variables associated with conversion.
| Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age | 0.358 | |||
| <65 years | Reference | |||
| ≥65 years | 1.442 (0.660–3.151) | |||
| Male sex | 1.067 (0.431–2.640) | 0.889 | ||
| BMI | 0.328 | |||
| <25 kg/m2 | Reference | |||
| ≥25 kg/m2 | 1.474 (0.677–3.210) | |||
| Hypertension | 1.087 (0.489–2.141) | 0.838 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.594 (0.679–3.741) | 0.285 | ||
| Previous abdominal surgery | 0.566 (0.214–1.472) | 0.267 | ||
| Previous TACE | 1.310 (0.547–3.138) | 0.544 | ||
| Previous RFA | 0.584 (0.131–2.604) | 0.480 | ||
| Albumin | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| <3.5 g/dL | 4.808 (1.923–12.022) | 4.873 (1.904–12.474) | ||
| ≥3.5 g/dL | Reference | |||
| Platelet count | 0.037 | |||
| <100 (×103/μL) | 1.391 (1.002–5.072) | |||
| ≥100 (×103/μL) | Reference | |||
| Cirrhosis (Preoperative Imaging) | 1.586 (0.700–3.595) | 0.269 | ||
| Tumor size | 0.240 | |||
| <3 cm | Reference | |||
| ≥3 cm | 1.593 (0.732–3.468) | 1.014 (0.230–2.679) | 0.714 | |
HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; RFA, radiofrequency ablation.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Lee, B.; Cho, J.Y.; Han, H.-S.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Lee, H.W.; Kang, M.; Park, Y.; Kim, J. Association between Unplanned Conversion and Patient Survival after Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041116
AMA Style
Lee B, Cho JY, Han H-S, Yoon Y-S, Lee HW, Kang M, Park Y, Kim J. Association between Unplanned Conversion and Patient Survival after Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(4):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041116
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Boram, Jai Young Cho, Ho-Seong Han, Yoo-Seok Yoon, Hae Won Lee, MeeYoung Kang, Yeshong Park, and Jinju Kim. 2024. "Association between Unplanned Conversion and Patient Survival after Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 4: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041116
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
