Sleep Quality Disturbances Are Associated with White Matter Alterations in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Diagnostic and Clinical Assessment
2.2.1. Assessment of PTSD
2.2.2. Assessment of mTBI
2.2.3. Assessment of Sleep Quality
2.2.4. Assessment of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
2.2.5. Assessment of Warzone-Related Stress
2.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2.3.1. Image Acquisition
2.3.2. Image Pre-Processing
2.3.3. WM Fiber Clustering
2.3.4. Diffusion Parameter Extraction
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Group Differences in Sleep Quality
2.4.2. PTSD, mTBI, and Sleep Quality
2.4.3. Sleep Quality and WM Microstructure
2.4.4. Sleep Quality as a Mediator between PTSD Symptom Severity and WM Microstructure
3. Results
3.1. Group Differences in Sleep Quality
3.2. PTSD, mTBI, and Sleep Quality
3.3. Sleep Quality and WM Microstructure
3.4. Sleep Quality Mediates the Association between PTSD Symptom Severity and WM Microstructure
4. Discussion
4.1. Group Differences in Sleep Quality
4.2. PTSD, mTBI, and Sleep Quality
4.3. Sleep Quality and WM Microstructure
4.4. Sleep Quality Mediates the Association between PTSD Symptom Severity and WM Microstructure
4.5. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (N = 180) | PTSD (n = 38) | mTBI (n = 25) | Comorbid PTSD+mTBI (n = 94) | No History of PTSD or mTBI (n = 23) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | ||
Age (years) | 31.49 ± 7.60 | 20–55 | 31.18 ± 6.79 | 22–48 | 32.60 ± 9.82 | 21–55 | 31.22 ± 7.18 | 20–53 | 31.87 ± 8.24 | 23–53 | |
Education (years) | 13.89 ± 1.96 | 12–20 | 13.34 ± 1.60 | 12–17 | 14.36 ± 1.78 | 12–18 | 13.84 ± 2.03 | 12–20 | 14.48 ± 2.19 | 12–19 | |
Number of OEF/OIF deployments | 1.40 ± 0.69 | 1–5 | 1.39 ± 0.79 | 1–4 | 1.40 ± 0.65 | 1–3 | 1.41 ± 0.71 | 1–5 | 1.35 ± 4.87 | 1–2 | |
Number of other stressful deployments | 0.39 ± 0.77 | 0–5 | 0.37 ± 0.63 | 0–3 | 0.24 ± 0.44 | 0–3 | 0.49 ± 0.89 | 0–5 | 0.22 ± 0.52 | 0–2 | |
Total duration of OEF/OIF deployments (months) | 13.64 ± 8.37 | 3–53 | 13.84 ± 9.75 | 5–53 | 14.72 ± 7.89 | 3–31 | 13.49 ± 8.36 | 3–52 | 13.87 ± 6.81 | 4–28 | |
Total duration of other deployments (months) | 2.84 ± 6.21 | 0–49 | 3.03 ± 5.22 | 0–17 | 1.36 ± 3.87 | 0–16 | 3.41 ± 7.24 | 0–49 | 1.83 ± 4.93 | 0–18 | |
Number of lifetime mTBIs | 1.39 ± 2.18 | 0–18 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0–0 | 1.56 ± 0.96 | 1–5 | 2.24 ± 2.62 | 1–18 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0–0 | |
Lifetime mTBI burden | 2.22 ± 3.42 | 0–31 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0–0 | 2.40 ± 1.47 | 1–6 | 3.61 ± 4.10 | 1–31 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0–0 | |
Total CAPS | 45.84 ± 27.14 | 0–104 | 39.79 ± 21.15 | 6–88 | 15.84 ± 13.73 | 0–41 | 51.80 ± 18.65 | 2–92 | 12.65 ± 10.60 | 0–39 | |
n | % * | n | % * | n | % * | n | % * | n | % * | ||
Ethnicity | American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 | 0.56 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 1.06 | 0 | 0.00 |
Asian | 2 | 1.11 | 1 | 2.63 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 1.06 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Black | 13 | 7.22 | 4 | 10.53 | 3 | 12.00 | 6 | 6.38 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Hispanic or Latino | 26 | 14.44 | 6 | 15.79 | 5 | 20.00 | 13 | 13.83 | 2 | 8.70 | |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | |
White | 138 | 76.67 | 26 | 68.42 | 17 | 68.00 | 74 | 78.72 | 21 | 91.30 | |
Unknown | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 2.63 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Service branch | Army | 33 | 18.33 | 4 | 10.53 | 6 | 24.00 | 21 | 22.34 | 2 | 8.70 |
Army National Guard | 62 | 34.44 | 15 | 39.47 | 10 | 40.00 | 26 | 27.66 | 11 | 47.83 | |
Air Force | 9 | 5.00 | 1 | 2.63 | 2 | 8.00 | 5 | 5.32 | 1 | 4.35 | |
Air Force National Guard | 7 | 3.89 | 2 | 5.26 | 1 | 4.00 | 3 | 3.19 | 1 | 4.35 | |
Coast Guard | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Navy | 7 | 3.89 | 1 | 2.63 | 1 | 4.00 | 5 | 5.32 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Marines | 38 | 21.11 | 5 | 13.16 | 4 | 16.00 | 27 | 28.72 | 2 | 8.70 | |
Reserves | 25 | 13.89 | 10 | 26.32 | 2 | 8.00 | 9 | 9.57 | 4 | 17.39 | |
National Guard, branch unknown | 6 | 3.33 | 1 | 2.63 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 3.19 | 2 | 8.70 | |
Psychiatric diagnoses | Lifetime PTSD | 132 | 73.33 | 38 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 94 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Lifetime substance use disorder | 118 | 65.56 | 23 | 60.53 | 13 | 52.00 | 72 | 76.60 | 10 | 43.48 | |
Lifetime mood disorder | 63 | 35.00 | 14 | 36.84 | 4 | 16.00 | 42 | 44.68 | 3 | 13.04 | |
Lifetime anxiety disorder | 30 | 16.67 | 9 | 23.68 | 3 | 12.00 | 15 | 15.96 | 3 | 13.04 | |
Psychiatric medication | Antidepressants | 37 | 20.55 | 8 | 21.05 | 1 | 4.00 | 28 | 29.79 | 0 | 0.00 |
Antiseizure medication | 12 | 6.67 | 2 | 5.26 | 0 | 0.00 | 10 | 10.64 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Sedatives | 13 | 7.22 | 5 | 13.16 | 1 | 4.00 | 7 | 7.45 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Pain medication | 61 | 33.89 | 10 | 26.32 | 10 | 40.00 | 38 | 40.43 | 3 | 13.04 | |
Prazosin | 5 | 2.78 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 | 5.32 | 0 | 0.00 | |
mTBI | Military mTBI | 64 | 35.56 | 0 | 0.00 | 7 | 28.00 | 57 | 60.64 | 0 | 0.00 |
Lifetime mTBI | 119 | 66.11 | 0 | 0.00 | 25 | 100.00 | 94 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Total Sample | PTSD | mTBI | Comorbid PTSD+mTBI | No History of PTSD or mTBI | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | Range | n | Range | Mean ± SD | n | Range | Mean ± SD | n | Range | Mean ± SD | n | Range | Mean ± SD | ||
PSQI Global | 178 | 8.97 ± 4.46 | 0–20 | 38 | 8.71 ± 4.43 | 0–20 | 25 | 6.68 ± 3.61 | 1–18 | 92 | 10.49 ± 4.23 | 2–18 | 23 | 5.78 ± 3.48 | 0–14 | |
PSQI 3-factor structure | Sleep efficiency | 179 | 1.23 ± 0.99 | 0–3 | 38 | 1.13 ± 0.98 | 0–3 | 25 | 0.86 ± 0.99 | 0–3 | 93 | 1.46 ± 0.94 | 0–3 | 23 | 0.89 ± 1.07 | 0–3 |
Perceived sleep quality | 180 | 1.31 ± 0.80 | 0–3 | 38 | 1.30 ± 0.73 | 0–3 | 25 | 0.99 ± 0.64 | 0–2.67 | 94 | 1.54 ± 0.82 | 0–3 | 23 | 0.72 ± 0.52 | 0–2 | |
Daily disturbances | 179 | 1.32 ± 0.62 | 0–3 | 38 | 1.28 ± 0.59 | 0–2.5 | 25 | 1.00 ± 0.48 | 0–2 | 93 | 1.53 ± 0.61 | 0–3 | 23 | 0.91 ± 0.47 | 0–2 | |
PTSD vs. mTBI vs. Comorbid PTSD+mTBI vs. No history of PTSD or mTBI | Post-hoc PTSD vs. mTBI | Post-hoc PTSD vs. Comorbid PTSD+mTBI | Post-hoc mTBI vs. Comorbid PTSD+mTBI | Post-hoc PTSD vs. No history of PTSD or mTBI | Post-hoc mTBI vs. No history of PTSD or mTBI | Post-hoc Comorbid PTSD+mTBI vs. No history of PTSD or mTBI | ||||||||||
ANCOVA | ||||||||||||||||
F(df), | p | η2 | p * | |||||||||||||
PSQI Global | 11.430(3, 173) | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.055 | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.457 | <0.001 | |||||||
PSQI 3-factor structure | Sleep efficiency | 4.16(3, 174) | 0.007 | 0.07 | 0.259 | 0.078 | 0.006 | 0.339 | 0.894 | 0.012 | ||||||
Perceived sleep quality | 9.20(3, 175) | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.112 | 0.091 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.224 | <0.001 | |||||||
Daily disturbances | 10.66(3, 174) | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.057 | 0.025 | <0.001 | 0.017 | 0.618 | <0.001 |
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Rojczyk, P.; Seitz-Holland, J.; Kaufmann, E.; Sydnor, V.J.; Kim, C.L.; Umminger, L.F.; Wiegand, T.L.T.; Guenette, J.P.; Zhang, F.; Rathi, Y.; et al. Sleep Quality Disturbances Are Associated with White Matter Alterations in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12052079
Rojczyk P, Seitz-Holland J, Kaufmann E, Sydnor VJ, Kim CL, Umminger LF, Wiegand TLT, Guenette JP, Zhang F, Rathi Y, et al. Sleep Quality Disturbances Are Associated with White Matter Alterations in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(5):2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12052079
Chicago/Turabian StyleRojczyk, Philine, Johanna Seitz-Holland, Elisabeth Kaufmann, Valerie J. Sydnor, Cara L. Kim, Lisa F. Umminger, Tim L. T. Wiegand, Jeffrey P. Guenette, Fan Zhang, Yogesh Rathi, and et al. 2023. "Sleep Quality Disturbances Are Associated with White Matter Alterations in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 5: 2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12052079