COVID-19 Vaccine for Children: Determinants and Beliefs Contributing to Vaccination Decision of Parents in Germany 2021/2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures and Instruments
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Parents’ Descriptive Characteristics Regarding Mental Health, General Vaccination Attitudes and SARS-CoV-2 Politics Perceptions
3.2. Beliefs Contributing to COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake or Hesitancy
3.3. Determinants Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness for Children
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories | Beliefs |
---|---|
Parents who are willing to have their children vaccinated 1 | Protect child/children from infection in everyday life (daycare, school, etc.) |
Fear of a severe course | |
Fear of “long COVID-19” | |
Chronically ill/immunocompromised child/children | |
Child/children want/desire vaccination | |
Regain more freedoms | |
Parents who already approved the vaccination of their children prior to the official recommendation | Achieve sufficient vaccination protection at an early stage |
Reduce infections in daycare/school and avoid quarantine | |
Regain more freedom | |
Fear of a severe course | |
Chronically ill/immunocompromised child/children | |
Parents who refused to vaccinate their children | I think that my child/children is/are too young |
I think that the vaccine is not well studied | |
I am not aware of the long-term effects | |
I think my child/children would pass an infection without severe progression | |
My child/children has/have an allergy to vaccine components, thrombosis-with-thrombocytopenia syndrome, or capillary leak syndrome | |
Corona pandemic is an adult pandemic, which affects children less | |
COVID-19 infection is less severe in children | |
My child/children do not belong to particularly vulnerable or pre-diseased groups | |
My child/children refuse/refuse vaccination |
n | % | |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
18–24 | 5 | 0.2 |
25–34 | 433 | 18.0 |
35–44 | 1648 | 68.6 |
45–54 | 300 | 12.5 |
55–64 | 4 | 0.2 |
Gender | ||
Female | 2252 | 93.8 |
Male | 149 | 6.2 |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 73 | 3.0 |
Married | 2007 | 83.6 |
In a relationship | 223 | 9.3 |
Separated/divorced | 93 | 3.9 |
Widowed | 3 | 0.1 |
Other | 2 | 0.1 |
Level of education | ||
University degree | 1367 | 57.2 |
High school degree | 315 | 13.2 |
Higher middle school degree | 105 | 4.4 |
Lower middle school degree | 597 | 25.0 |
Other forms of schooling | 4 | 0.2 |
Residence area | ||
100,000 residents | 852 | 35.5 |
20,000 residents | 629 | 26.2 |
5000 residents | 426 | 17.7 |
<5000 residents | 494 | 20.6 |
Number of children | ||
1 | 1550 | 64.6 |
2 | 734 | 30.6 |
3 | 96 | 4.0 |
More than 3 | 21 | 0.9 |
Age of children | ||
5 | 766 | 24.2 |
6 | 539 | 17.1 |
7 | 478 | 15.1 |
8 | 413 | 13.1 |
9 | 358 | 11.3 |
10 | 301 | 9.5 |
11 | 305 | 9.7 |
Health status | ||
Diseases | 695 | 28.9 |
Physical disease | 486 | 20.2 |
Mental disease | 209 | 8.7 |
No disease | 1706 | 71.1 |
Mental health status | M | SD |
DT | 5.7 | 2.654 |
GAD-7 | 5.3 | 4.296 |
PHQ-8 | 5.6 | 4.338 |
General Vaccination Attitudes | n | % |
---|---|---|
Vaccination certificate (parents) | ||
Complete | 1891 | 78.8 |
Partial complete | 309 | 12.9 |
Incomplete | 195 | 8.1 |
So far, the COVID-19 vaccination is the only vaccination I have ever received. | 6 | 0.2 |
Vaccination certificate (children) | ||
Complete | 2048 | 85.3 |
I do not know | 9 | 0.4 |
Incomplete | 288 | 12 |
My child has not received any childhood vaccinations. | 56 | 2.3 |
Importance of immunizations as protection against other infections | 84.89 1 | 26.464 2 |
COVID-19 vaccination of parents | ||
Yes | 2084 | 86.8 |
No | 317 | 13.2 |
Willingness for COVID-19 vaccination of children aged 5 to 11 years | ||
Yes, if a Standing Committee on Vaccination recommendation is available | 430 | 17.9 |
Yes, even if no Standing Committee on Vaccination recommendation is available | 1284 | 53.5 |
Undecided | 222 | 9.2 |
No, in no case | 465 | 19.4 |
Children (5 to 11 years old) who already received the vaccination COVID-19 vaccination | ||
Yes | 863 | 44.7 |
No | 1069 | 55.3 |
SARS-CoV-2 politics perceptions | M | SD |
COVID-19-related fear | 5.3 | 1.683 |
Subjective level of information | 6.0 | 1.082 |
Governmental trust | 3.9 | 1.199 |
Pressure perception by COVID-19 vaccination campaigns | 26.5 | 37.741 |
Experienced restrictions in the social environment | n | % |
Very little | 290 | 12.1 |
Little | 881 | 36.7 |
Neither | 382 | 15.9 |
Strongly | 579 | 24.1 |
Very strong | 269 | 11.2 |
Engagement against protective measures | ||
Never, and do not plan to | 1905 | 79.3 |
Never, but plan to do so | 105 | 4.4 |
Once | 57 | 2.4 |
Several times | 228 | 9.5 |
Regularly | 106 | 4.4 |
Attitude towards mandatory measles vaccine | ||
Fully adequate | 1516 | 63.1 |
Adequate | 433 | 18.0 |
Neutral | 158 | 6.6 |
Exaggerated | 154 | 6.4 |
Completely overdone | 140 | 5.8 |
Cramer V 2 | Cramer Phi 3 | Eta 4 | CI (95%) | Unadjusted p Values | Adjusted p Values 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | ||||||
Age | 0.208 | (0.171–0.251) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Gender | 0.055 | (0.026–0.1) | 0.063 | >0.999 | ||
Marital Status | 0.071 | (0.057–0.105) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Educational level | 0.198 | (0.173–0.252) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Residence Area | 0.044 | (0.004–0.083) | 0.203 | >0.999 | ||
Mental health status | ||||||
DT | 0.038 | (0.015–0.083) | 0.328 | >0.999 | ||
GAD-7 | 0.080 | (0.044–0.123) | 0.002 | 0.038 | ||
PHQ-8 | 0.057 | (0.029–0.1) | 0.05 | 0.95 | ||
General vaccination attitudes | ||||||
Vaccination certificate (parents) | 0.364 | (0.343–0.386) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Vaccination certificate (children) | 0.291 | (0.265–0.318) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Importance of immunizations as protection againstother infections | 0.734 | (0.707–0.760) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
COVID-19 vaccination of parents | 0.768 | (0.734–0.8) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
SARS-CoV-2 politics perceptions | ||||||
COVID-19-related fear | 0.665 | (0.635–0.698) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Subjective level of information | 0.484 | (0.445–0.522) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Governmental trust | 0.602 | (0.572–0.631) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Pressure perception by COVID-19 vaccination campaigns | 0.775 | (0.748–0.799) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Experienced restrictions in the social environment | 0.642 | (0.606–0.680) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Engagement against protective measures | 0.614 | (0.581–0.654) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||
Attitude towards mandatory measles vaccine | 0.785 | (0.754–0.815) | <0.001 | 0.019 |
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Purrmann, L.; Speichert, L.-J.; Bäuerle, A.; Teufel, M.; Krakowczyk, J.B.; Beckord, J.; Felderhoff-Müser, U.; Skoda, E.-M.; Dinse, H. COVID-19 Vaccine for Children: Determinants and Beliefs Contributing to Vaccination Decision of Parents in Germany 2021/2022. Vaccines 2024, 12, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010020
Purrmann L, Speichert L-J, Bäuerle A, Teufel M, Krakowczyk JB, Beckord J, Felderhoff-Müser U, Skoda E-M, Dinse H. COVID-19 Vaccine for Children: Determinants and Beliefs Contributing to Vaccination Decision of Parents in Germany 2021/2022. Vaccines. 2024; 12(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010020
Chicago/Turabian StylePurrmann, Laura, Leoni-Johanna Speichert, Alexander Bäuerle, Martin Teufel, Julia Barbara Krakowczyk, Jil Beckord, Ursula Felderhoff-Müser, Eva-Maria Skoda, and Hannah Dinse. 2024. "COVID-19 Vaccine for Children: Determinants and Beliefs Contributing to Vaccination Decision of Parents in Germany 2021/2022" Vaccines 12, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010020
APA StylePurrmann, L., Speichert, L.-J., Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Krakowczyk, J. B., Beckord, J., Felderhoff-Müser, U., Skoda, E.-M., & Dinse, H. (2024). COVID-19 Vaccine for Children: Determinants and Beliefs Contributing to Vaccination Decision of Parents in Germany 2021/2022. Vaccines, 12(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010020