Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Detectable but Reduced in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Volunteers
2.2. CoV-iSpot for Interferon-γ and Interleukin-2
2.3. In-House ELISpot Assay
2.4. Cells and Viruses
2.5. Assessment of Neutralizing Antibodies by Cell Culture-Based Neutralization Assay
2.6. Assessment of Neutralizing Antibodies by Competitive Immunofluorescence
2.7. Antibody ELISA
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. T Cell Responses in Kidney Transplant Patients and Healthy Volunteers
3.2. Humoral Immunity in Kidney Transplant Patients and Healthy Controls
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics 1 | Kidney Transplant Recipients | Healthy Controls |
---|---|---|
sex | 12 males 20 females | 5 males 12 females |
age, y | 54 (21–76) | 53 (35–65) |
tacrolimus | 32 (100%) | Ø |
mycophenolate | 26 (81%) | Ø |
belatacept | 2 (6%) | Ø |
prednisone | 32 (100%) | Ø |
interval kidney transplantation—blood collection | 2 years (0.4–11.8) | Ø |
interval vaccination—blood collection | 111 days (43–212) | 182 days (69–213) |
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Thümmler, L.; Gäckler, A.; Bormann, M.; Ciesek, S.; Widera, M.; Rohn, H.; Fisenkci, N.; Otte, M.; Alt, M.; Dittmer, U.; et al. Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Detectable but Reduced in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Patients. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081348
Thümmler L, Gäckler A, Bormann M, Ciesek S, Widera M, Rohn H, Fisenkci N, Otte M, Alt M, Dittmer U, et al. Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Detectable but Reduced in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Patients. Vaccines. 2022; 10(8):1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081348
Chicago/Turabian StyleThümmler, Laura, Anja Gäckler, Maren Bormann, Sandra Ciesek, Marek Widera, Hana Rohn, Neslinur Fisenkci, Mona Otte, Mira Alt, Ulf Dittmer, and et al. 2022. "Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Detectable but Reduced in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Patients" Vaccines 10, no. 8: 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081348
APA StyleThümmler, L., Gäckler, A., Bormann, M., Ciesek, S., Widera, M., Rohn, H., Fisenkci, N., Otte, M., Alt, M., Dittmer, U., Horn, P. A., Witzke, O., Krawczyk, A., & Lindemann, M. (2022). Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Detectable but Reduced in Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Patients. Vaccines, 10(8), 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081348