COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Pre-COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers
4. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccine Development
5. Demographics of Vaccine Hesitant HCWs
6. Reasons for Hesitancy
6.1. Concerns about Safety and Efficacy
6.2. Waiting for More Data
6.3. Vaccines Developed Too Quickly
6.4. Distrust of Employers, Government, and Healthcare System
6.5. Infringement on Personal Rights
6.6. Vaccination Unnecessary
6.7. Other
7. Towards the Future
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Survey Date | Country | Participants Number | Response | Author’s Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verger [53] | October–November 2020 | France, Belgium, Canada | 2678 (Physicians and Nurses) | 48.6%—high acceptance 23.0%—moderate acceptance 28.4%—hesitancy or reluctance Main concern- safety | Must build trust about efficacy and safety |
Biswas [99] | February 2020–January 2021 35 different studies | Worldwide | HCW 76,741 | 22.51% hesitant Range 4.3–72.0% Main concerns: side effects, safety, efficacy | Education and policy-based interventions are needed to ensure vaccination |
Meyer [139] | December 2020 | United States | HCW 16,292 | 55.3% will receive 16.3% will not 28.4 % unsure Intentions to receive increased after EUA recommendation | Highly visible information from experts may increase intent |
Pal [140] | February–March 2021 | United States | HCW 1374 | 7.9% hesitant Mistrust important factor 83.6% would accept an annual booster | Concerns about safety and efficacy and lack of trust underlie hesitancy |
Bell [103] | January 2021 | United Kingdom | HCW SCW 1917 | 6.6% declined vaccine offer Complex analysis of characteristics of participants | Authors offer detailed policy recommendations |
Woolf [141] | April–June 2021 | United Kingdom | HCW 5633 total 3235 answered free text question | 18% favored mandatory vaccination | Building trust with education and support may be effective with hesitant HCW |
Janssen [81] | December 2020–March 2021 | France | 4349 HCWs | Online survey presenting hypothetical scenarios for efficacy, longevity, and adverse events. Quantified the effect of each on willingness. | Fear of adverse events was main concern, hesitancy decreased with time. Reassurance about adverse events is important. |
Choi [142] | March–May 2021 | United States | 2948 HCWs surveyed, with semi-structured interviews | Nurses less likely than physicians to see vaccine as safe or effective. Many claiming vaccines unnecessary or unsafe. | Stressed education and mandates |
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Peterson, C.J.; Lee, B.; Nugent, K. COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review. Vaccines 2022, 10, 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060948
Peterson CJ, Lee B, Nugent K. COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review. Vaccines. 2022; 10(6):948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060948
Chicago/Turabian StylePeterson, Christopher J., Benjamin Lee, and Kenneth Nugent. 2022. "COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review" Vaccines 10, no. 6: 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060948
APA StylePeterson, C. J., Lee, B., & Nugent, K. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review. Vaccines, 10(6), 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060948