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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 20
10.3390/app152010994
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Phenomenon of Temperature Increase in Poland: A Machine Learning Approach to Understanding Patterns and Projections

by
Anna Franczyk
1,* and
Robert Twardosz
2
1
Department of Geoinformatics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
2
Faculty of Geography and Geology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 10994; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010994 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 9 September 2025 / Revised: 9 October 2025 / Accepted: 13 October 2025 / Published: 13 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study presents an analysis of patterns in mean monthly air temperature increases in Poland using the deep learning model Neural Basis Expansion Analysis for Time Series (N-BEATS) algorithm. The dataset comprises mean monthly temperatures recorded between 1951 and 2024 at eight meteorological stations across Poland. The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the 74-year period was divided into two distinct intervals: one characterized by relative temperature stability, and the other by a marked upward trend. In the second phase, the N-BEATS neural network was employed to extract temporal patterns directly from the data and to forecast future temperature values. The results confirm the capacity of machine learning methods to identify persistent climate trends and demonstrate their utility for long-term monitoring and prediction.
Keywords: temperature rise; machine learning; N-BEATS method temperature rise; machine learning; N-BEATS method

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MDPI and ACS Style

Franczyk, A.; Twardosz, R. The Phenomenon of Temperature Increase in Poland: A Machine Learning Approach to Understanding Patterns and Projections. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 10994. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010994

AMA Style

Franczyk A, Twardosz R. The Phenomenon of Temperature Increase in Poland: A Machine Learning Approach to Understanding Patterns and Projections. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(20):10994. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010994

Chicago/Turabian Style

Franczyk, Anna, and Robert Twardosz. 2025. "The Phenomenon of Temperature Increase in Poland: A Machine Learning Approach to Understanding Patterns and Projections" Applied Sciences 15, no. 20: 10994. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010994

APA Style

Franczyk, A., & Twardosz, R. (2025). The Phenomenon of Temperature Increase in Poland: A Machine Learning Approach to Understanding Patterns and Projections. Applied Sciences, 15(20), 10994. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152010994

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