An Integrated BIM-Based Application for Automating the Conceptual Design for Vietnamese Vernacular Architecture: Using Revit and Dynamo

Abstract

Vietnamese vernacular architecture (VVA), rich in cultural and historical significance, is increasingly endangered by modernization, the consequences of war, and environmental degradation. The preservation and revitalization of this architectural heritage demand the integration of advanced digital technologies. Building Information Modeling (BIM), known for its capabilities in digital documentation, data management, and design accuracy, offers significant potential. However, its adoption within the context of VVA remains underexplored, particularly due to a lack of specialized tools and methods that align with modern technical requirements. This study proposes an integrated BIM-based approach to automate the conceptual design of buildings inspired by VVA, utilizing Revit and Dynamo. The research follows a multi-stage methodology comprising data acquisition, architectural element analysis, and prototype model development. The outcomes aim to assist architects and engineers in efficiently generating design concepts that blend traditional aesthetics with contemporary building standards. Ultimately, this work contributes to sustainable architectural practices by bridging heritage preservation with modern construction imperatives.

1. Introduction

Vernacular architecture (VA), often termed local or folk architecture, encapsulates building traditions that emerge independently of formal academic frameworks, typically crafted without professional architects. Deeply embedded in geographic, climatic, material, and cultural contexts, these structures embody a repository of intergenerational knowledge [1]. The concept gained scholarly attention in 1964 through Rudofsky’s seminal exhibition, Architecture without Architects, at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, highlighting its spontaneous and anonymous character [2]. In 19th-century England, VA emerged as a significant response to industrialization, championed by John Ruskin’s theories and the Arts and Crafts movement, emphasizing material integrity and preserving traditional techniques [3]. VA spans diverse typologies globally, including rural dwellings, pre-industrial urban structures, commercial facilities, and communal buildings, reflecting adaptations to local climate, topography, resources, and cultural practices [4,5,6,7]. From African mud homes to Northern European wooden structures and Southeast Asian bamboo frameworks, VA transcends functionality, serving as a profound expression of cultural identity. This interplay of utility and heritage positions VA as a vital architectural paradigm that informs contemporary design amid rapid modernization. However, preserving and integrating VA into modern contexts demands advanced tools to capture its complex geometries and cultural significance, necessitating innovative technological solutions.

In that context, Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers transformative potential by enabling the preservation of VA and the creation of new culturally resonant designs, thereby addressing challenges in this field. BIM is not merely a 3D modeling tool but a comprehensive information management process throughout a building’s lifecycle, recognized as a phenomenon of significant transformation within the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, bringing substantial improvements in coordination, data management, and project quality [8]. As a cornerstone of the AEC industry, BIM supports 3D modeling, digitization, asset management, and resource library development, enhanced by augmented reality, sensors, and data exchange [9,10,11,12,13,14]. Moreover, BIM technologies are integrated in the automating of design processes, such as visual programming, parametric design, and generative design. They simplify script creation and automate repetitive tasks, enabling easy design modification by adjusting input parameters, and automatically generating multiple solution alternatives based on predefined design goals and constraints, shifting the computer’s role from a drafting tool to a design generator [15]. Notably, its object-oriented framework aligns seamlessly with VA’s traditional practice of assembling on-site prefabricated elements [16]. In the field of heritage preservation, the effectiveness of BIM has been clearly demonstrated, leading to the formation of a specialized branch known as Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM). HBIM is defined as a development of BIM specifically tailored to historic buildings, with the core role of integrating technologies such as laser scanning and photogrammetry to document and analyze cultural heritage in detail and accurately [17]. As evidence of this, Murphy et al. [18] and López et al. [19] utilized point cloud data with BIM to reconstruct the intricate geometries of structures like the Santa Maria La Real De Mave church. Similarly, the application of HBIM to the Kasbah of Algiers, a UNESCO-listed vernacular aggregate, demonstrates how 3D laser scanning and BIM produce precise parametric models for building archaeology and structural analysis [20]. These advancements, especially through HBIM, underscore BIM’s capacity to bridge traditional craftsmanship with modern analytical tools, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, engineers, and conservators while enhancing efficiency across project phases [21].

The successful application of BIM in preserving and analyzing complex vernacular structures underscores its potential to address the unique challenges of culturally significant architecture worldwide [22]. This potential is particularly pronounced in Vietnam, which has a rich and diverse architectural heritage shaped by its varied topography and historical cultural exchanges. The Vietnamese vernacular architecture (VVA), characterized by sustainable design solutions and locally sourced materials, reflects a deep synergy between human needs and environmental contexts [23,24]. Iconic examples, from northern communal houses to Hoi An’s heritage residences, embody regional identities that have persisted through external influences, including French colonial rule [25,26]. However, BIM’s application in VVA has been limited primarily to conservation and reconstruction, leaving its potential for new vernacular-inspired designs underexplored. For instance, studies on the Temple of Hung Kings in Ho Chi Minh City employed 3D laser scanning and HBIM to digitize and restore this historic monument, enhancing its cultural value through virtual tours and augmented reality [27,28]. Similarly, HBIM workflows have modeled and conserved sites like the Complex of Hue Monuments, focusing on accurate reconstruction for operation and maintenance [29]. This focus on preserving existing structures leaves its potential for generating new vernacular-inspired designs underexplored. Specifically, there is a notable research gap regarding the use of BIM for automating the conceptual design process for such new constructions, particularly concerning the lack of automated workflows tailored for conceptual design and comprehensive 3D libraries that accurately represent VVA’s non-standardized forms.

This study investigates the integration of BIM into VVA, aiming to address existing limitations by proposing initial design concepts for new constructions inspired by vernacular forms. The research advances the field by developing high-resolution 3D models of architectural components alongside an automated system for assembling these elements into functional spatial configurations, thereby improving design applicability and operational efficiency. The methodological framework comprises four key phases: data collection, data analysis, 3D modeling of structural components, and the development of the automation system. The findings support engineers and architects in efficiently generating preliminary designs that harmonize vernacular aesthetics with contemporary construction standards. Ultimately, this approach promotes sustainable development within Vietnam’s construction industry while safeguarding intangible cultural values. It introduces a novel paradigm for culturally responsive architectural innovation that bridges traditional heritage with modern-day functional demands.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Vernacular Architecture in the Modern Context

VA is increasingly recognized as a vital source of inspiration for developing sustainable design solutions and preserving cultural identity within contemporary architectural practice. Research highlights that VA not only reflects adaptations to local climates, materials, and community lifestyles, but also embodies ecological and sustainability principles that remain profoundly relevant in the context of globalization [30]. Lawrence [31] asserted that vernacular structures emerge from environmental, economic, material, and social factors, resulting in a practical construction model that harmonizes with the natural world. Rudofsky [2], who popularized the term “vernacular” within architecture in the 1960s, emphasized its role as a balanced response to natural and human-made settings, paving the way for contemporary sustainability studies. Complementing this view, Oliver [32] added that VA addresses specific needs while reflecting communities’ cultural and economic values through traditional technologies and locally sourced materials. Collectively, these perspectives have established a robust foundation for exploring VA as a catalyst for modern architectural trends.

In the current era, academic discourse increasingly advocates for the integration of VA within sustainable planning and architectural processes [33]. Radović noted that the homogenization driven by globalization has intensified the erosion of heritage values, heightening the urgency to revive traditional construction values [34]. Characterized by the use of regionally available materials, such as earth, bamboo, and timber, and executed through artisanal construction techniques [33,35], vernacular buildings are acknowledged for their resource efficiency and reduced environmental footprint [36]. Investigations by Ching and Suravi [35] into vernacular huts in Bangladesh revealed notable resilience to seismic and landslide events, attributable to traditional construction systems, while Khadka [37] documented the enduring stability of Nepal’s rammed-earth monasteries post the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. These findings affirm VA’s adaptability to natural hazards, an increasingly critical consideration in modern architectural resilience. Furthermore, field theory, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of space, culture, and society, offers a theoretical framework for interpreting and applying VA in contemporary contexts, thereby fostering synergy between sustainable innovation and local cultural identity [38,39].

Despite its potential, the integration of VA into contemporary practice faces significant challenges, primarily the decline of traditional craftsmanship and the growing preference for industrialized materials, such as concrete and steel, fueled by the “international style” movement [40]. Oliver [32] and Asquith and Vellinga [41] observed that the perception of VA as “outdated” has diminished interest in indigenous practices, despite their proven efficacy over centuries. To address this, recent studies advocate a hybrid approach, merging traditional knowledge with modern innovations, such as passive design and eco-friendly materials, to enhance sustainability while retaining cultural authenticity [36,42]. Thompson and Kamenev [43] argued that architectural culture remains inherently regional, grounded in a dialectical synthesis of heritage and modernity. Consequently, VA should not be viewed merely as a heritage to preserve, but as a progressive model for future architectural solutions, offering valuable contributions to environmentally responsible and sustainable development. In Vietnam, where a rich vernacular tradition reflects diverse regional identities, this hybrid approach holds particular promise for bridging traditional practices with contemporary architectural demands.

Vietnam’s strategic location at the crossroads of Southeast Asia has fostered a rich and diverse cultural heritage, profoundly shaped by its varied topography, ranging from northern mountains to southern deltas and an extensive coastline. This geographical diversity and abundant natural resources, particularly locally available construction materials, have significantly influenced the country’s architectural traditions [23,24]. Combined with distinct climatic zones and indigenous building practices, these factors have created a unique VA that reflects Vietnam’s environmental and cultural contexts [23,25]. This architectural heritage, rooted in centuries of adaptation, provides a foundation for understanding how traditional building practices can inform sustainable modern design. VVA exemplifies a harmonious integration of natural resources with human needs, embodying the cultural and social nuances of the nation’s diverse regions [44]. Characterized by rational spatial layouts, locally sourced materials, and eco-friendly design solutions, such as natural ventilation and thermal insulation, VVA offers valuable insights into human–environment synergy [11]. These structures, ranging from communal houses to rural dwellings, demonstrate sustainable design principles that remain relevant in addressing contemporary architectural challenges. By leveraging local materials and climate-responsive techniques, VVA reflects regional identities and serves as a model for environmentally conscious construction practices.

The regional diversity of VVA was elucidated by Le and Cao [26], who investigated traditional design methodologies of indigenous architecture, revealing pronounced regional diversity across the Northern, Central, and Southern regions, reflective of adaptations to varying geographic, climatic, and cultural influences (

Table 1. Comparison of VA styles in regions of Vietnam.

Region	Structure Used	Design Method	Measuring Tool
North	Truss Set, stacked timber	Based on triangle ratios, length, and height	Sam ruler–right angle
Central	4 components: Column, Rafter, Tie-beam, Purlin	Based on beams, columns, and slope, 50–65%	Nach ruler–equilateral triangle
South	3 columns: 1 large center, 2 small sides	Based on body dimensions, and slope 60–65%	Nac ruler–equilateral triangle

). These distinctions arise from unique cultural, historical, and technical contexts. In the North, the “vi” (truss set) structure, based on triangular proportions and the “thuoc Sam” (Sam ruler), exhibits significant influence from ancient Chinese architecture, particularly that of the Song Dynasty, prioritizing intricate timber frameworks and standardized measurements. In contrast, Central Vietnam’s “nha ruong” (vernacular house) system utilizes four primary components—columns, rafters, beams, and struts—using the equilateral triangular “thuoc Nach” (Nach ruler) and a beam–column framework, reflecting adaptations from Cham techniques suited to tropical climates. Meanwhile, the southern Chams’ simpler three-column “nha ruong”, designed around human body proportions and the “thuoc Nac” (Nac ruler), reflects a minimalist and pragmatic ethos, untouched by Chinese influences. These regional variations highlight technical origins and encapsulate centuries of environmental and cultural adaptation.

These studies highlight that, despite its profound cultural significance, VA faces considerable challenges when applied to new construction projects. These challenges range from preserving traditional identities amidst the pressures of modernization to integrating advanced technologies that facilitate efficient design and replication. The findings of these studies offer promising prospects, enabling the precise reproduction of traditional proportions and structural forms while fostering a dynamic connection between historical and contemporary architectural practices. This approach strives to balance preserving heritage values and addressing modern architecture’s functional and aesthetic demands.

2.2. Building Information Modeling Implementation in Vernacular Architecture

VA, characterized by its utilization of regional resources, traditional craftsmanship, and environmental responsiveness, represents a significant cultural legacy and a valuable source of inspiration for sustainable contemporary design principles [45]. Initially developed for new construction projects, BIM has expanded into heritage preservation through the framework of HBIM, which facilitates the precise documentation and management of vernacular structures. Technologies such as laser scanning and photogrammetry enable the creation of highly accurate 3D models, capturing intricate details unattainable through conventional survey methodologies [46]. Chiabrando et al. [47] described HBIM functions as a semantic framework that integrates geometric representations with diverse datasets, encompassing construction techniques, material properties, and historical information, thereby proving particularly effective for preserving the cultural significance inherent in VA. Nevertheless, the standardized data structures inherent in BIM technology pose challenges in accurately representing the unique and often non-uniform geometries characteristic of vernacular buildings. This necessitates the development of specialized parametric object libraries, derived from integrated scan data and traditional construction expertise [45]. This approach safeguards critical conventional knowledge and supports the integration of vernacular principles into conceptual design for contemporary architecture, fostering culturally resonant and sustainable solutions.

Implementing BIM in VA presents significant technical and conceptual challenges, particularly concerning the modeling of complex architectural geometries. Bruno et al. [48] highlighted that, while modern scanning technologies generate detailed point clouds, the automated conversion of this data into parametric BIM models is often hindered by the absence of robust feature recognition algorithms. Consequently, workflows frequently rely on time-consuming manual or semi-automated modeling approaches. Standard techniques, such as manual modeling, fitting primitive shapes to point clouds, or extruding surfaces, are commonly employed; however, these methods often prove insufficient for accurately representing the diverse and irregular forms inherent in VA [44,47]. Furthermore, Gargaro et al. [49] underscored the fundamental mismatch: the inherent conflict between BIM’s standardized, uniform framework and the idiosyncratic, non-standardized configurations characteristic of VA, for which the BIM platform was not originally designed. To address this, Sztwiertnia et al. [50] advocated for adaptable object libraries with pre-defined attributes to streamline modeling and enhance HBIM’s effectiveness. However, a critical challenge persists in defining the appropriate level of detail for HBIM models, particularly for conceptual design applications, where balancing detail with stakeholder needs, such as those of heritage conservationists or architects developing new VA-inspired structures, requires further exploration [45].

In addition to its role in heritage conservation, the application of BIM to VA holds considerable promise for fostering sustainable modern design. Dore and Murphy [51] demonstrated that HBIM is a robust platform for analyzing and reconstructing traditional structures, offering valuable insights into passive design strategies and using locally sourced materials that align with contemporary ecological objectives. This approach bridges historical practices with innovative solutions, promoting regionally distinctive architecture in a globalized world. However, significant challenges remain, as outlined in

Table 2. Overview of BIM implementation in VA.

Study	Objective	Year of Publication	Application	Method	Limitations
[45]	Present the HBIM process and its applicability to create 3D models	2013	Preservation and management of cultural heritage	Survey	The need to improve the accuracy and content of parametric object libraries
[46]	Implement and manage structural deformations in BIM platforms to create an HBIM model	2020	Management of structural deformation	Point clouds	Complex building architecture and a lack of BIM objects
[47]	Analyze and propose solutions for managing and creating HBIM projects	2016	Document management, preservation of heritage architecture	Point clouds	Difficulties in time, cost, and limited automatic or semi-automatic capability in identifying historical shapes
[48]	Develop a new method called Diagnosis-Aided HBIM and Management	2018	Support in design and preservation	Scientific documents, reports, and practical projects	Shortcomings in integrating information and sharing among stakeholders during the renovation process of historic buildings
[44,45]	Build a library of architectural elements	2014	Improve preservation, documentation, and management processes	Laser scan data and image survey data	Lack of existing digital architectural element libraries
[49]	Describe a strategy for developing 3D parametric models	2019	Efficient management of historic building assets	Survey, laser scanning, and photogrammetry	Interoperability issues between different software, lack of BIM object libraries
[50]	Create a detailed 3D model of the church	2021	Preservation and management of heritage information	A collection of historical data, like dimensions, location	The HBIM modeling process becomes time-consuming, and available shape libraries are not flexible enough
[51]	Develop the integration of HBIM into a 3D GIS environment	2012	Management, analysis, and modeling of cultural heritage, improving documentation and preservation processes	Laser scan data and digitized image data	Combining laser scanning and BIM still faces difficulties, and applying generic library objects in the BIM space is not fully effective for all types of cultural heritage.
[52]	Develop a process using point cloud data	2017	Restoration and modeling of heritage architectural structures	Point cloud data collected from laser scanning or photogrammetry	Traditional BIM software may encounter difficulties in modeling complex and irregular surfaces

, which summarizes limitations from prior research. A primary constraint is BIM’s limited adaptability to the non-standardized forms of VA, requiring greater flexibility than current tools can provide. Furthermore, there is an absence of comprehensive 3D libraries. Additionally, the lack of automated workflows tailored for conceptual design hinders the efficient generation of new VA-inspired architectural proposals, creating a gap between preservation-focused applications and innovative design objectives [52].

Despite its transformative potential, the implementation of BIM in VA reveals critical research gaps, particularly in its application to conceptual design for new constructions inspired by vernacular principles. While BIM excels in preserving complex vernacular forms through HBIM, its ability to replicate these forms for new innovative design remains limited by the need for detailed parametric object libraries and more flexible modeling tools [44]. In addition, there is a limitation in exploring BIM’s role in automatically generating preliminary design concepts that integrate VA’s cultural and sustainable attributes into modern architecture. Therefore, a critical void exists in demonstrating comprehensive, integrated BIM-based automated workflows specifically for generating conceptual designs of new buildings inspired by vernacular principles. Addressing these challenges requires advancements in modeling technologies, enhanced software interoperability, and the development of automated workflows specifically tailored for conceptual design, enabling BIM to serve as a bridge between preserving VA’s legacy and innovating sustainable, culturally responsive architectural solutions [45].

3. Research Process

The objective of generating preliminary design concepts for vernacular-inspired structures using BIM necessitates a systematic and rigorous research process to ensure effective data collection, analysis, and modeling. The proposed methodology, illustrated in Figure 1, comprises four sequential steps: (1) data collection, (2) analysis of structural components, (3) authoring of a BIM structural components library, and (4) development of automated configuration algorithms. This process begins with collecting VVA data, focusing on distinctive roof forms (Top Roof, Side Roof, Veranda Roof) and their dimensions to establish a foundation for analysis. The second step involves a detailed examination of vernacular structural components to define their characteristics for accurate BIM representation. The third step utilizes Autodesk Revit to construct 3D models of these components, adhering to BIM protocols to ensure precision and forming a structural framework for multi-bay configurations. Finally, an automated modeling system is developed using Dynamo within Revit, where scripts automate repetitive tasks, such as generating roofs, columns, and beams, enhancing efficiency, minimizing errors, and enabling parameter-based adjustments. The resulting 3D model supports data export as spreadsheets, facilitating subsequent design stages and fostering innovative design ideation grounded in VVA principles.

To effectively apply this study’s approach, source materials were meticulously selected based on three specific criteria, ensuring the accuracy and cultural relevance of data for VVA. First, all documents were exclusively sourced from reputable, high-quality academic publications, including scholarly journals, books, and proceedings from specialized organizations dedicated to architectural heritage, guaranteeing the information’s reliability and authoritative nature. Second, the selected materials were rigorously required to comprehensively address traditional Vietnamese architecture, encompassing its historical evolution, cultural significance, and critical technical and structural dimensions to provide a holistic understanding of VVA. Third, preference was given to recently published works to align with contemporary research contexts and ensure maximum relevance. This criterion also implicitly addresses the inherent limitations often found in older or foreign-language materials, which frequently lack the necessary depth of cultural nuance and localized technical knowledge crucial for accurately representing VVA. Furthermore, contemporary and locally accessible publications are more readily available to Vietnamese researchers and practitioners engaged in heritage preservation and design innovation.

The selection of Autodesk Revit 2025 and Dynamo v.3.3.0 as the primary tools for this study was driven by their unique capabilities to address the specific requirements of modeling and automating VVA-inspired conceptual designs. Revit was chosen for its robust BIM framework. It supports parametric modeling and ensures precise representation of complex vernacular structural components, such as intricate roof systems and timber frameworks, while maintaining interoperability with other design tools [53,54]. Dynamo, a visual programming extension for Revit, was selected for its ability to automate repetitive tasks, such as generating multi-bay configurations, through customizable scripts, thereby enhancing efficiency and reducing modeling errors. Dynamo’s seamless integration with Revit provides a more streamlined workflow for BIM-based conceptual design, enabling rapid iteration and parameter-based adjustments critical for exploring vernacular-inspired architectural solutions.

4. Data Collection

This study focuses on the structural components of VVA, specifically analyzing roofs, columns, and horizontal beams to inform the development of vernacular-inspired conceptual designs. The data were sourced from a comprehensive 11-volume collection [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65], detailed in

Table A1. List of books in the series [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65].

Book Title	Volume	Pages	Publication Year	Number of Monuments
Architecture of the Vietnamese communal houses	1	216	2017	15
Architecture of the Vietnamese communal houses	2	223	2018	12
Architecture of the Vietnamese communal houses	3	215	2019	12
Architecture of the Vietnamese communal houses	4	215	2020	12
Vietnamese Pagoda Architecture	1	224	2018	10
Vietnamese Pagoda Architecture	2	219	2018	10
Vietnamese Temple Architecture	1	215	2019	10
Vietnamese Temple Architecture	2	215	2021	10
Vietnamese Catholic Church Architecture	1	215	2020	7
Vietnamese Catholic Church Architecture	2	216	2020	8
Vietnamese Ancient Village Architecture	1	236	2020	6

, compiled and published in Vietnamese by the Institute for Conservation of Monuments of Vietnam (IFCM) between 2017 and 2021. The IFCM, a leading authority in archiving, preserving, and researching cultural heritage, has established this collection as an invaluable repository of knowledge on traditional Vietnamese architecture. These volumes maintain the essence of VVA while documenting its historical, cultural, and artistic evolution across different periods.

The 11-volume collection primarily focuses on traditional Vietnamese wooden architecture. This prevalent style originated in the Northern Delta and extended its influence on other regions, with most recorded structures originating from it. This series is particularly significant given the loss of many ancient Vietnamese architectural works due to natural disasters, warfare, human intervention, and reform programs, serving as both a record of existing structures and a memory of those that have disappeared or been significantly altered, and a range of architectural genres, including communal houses, temples, pagodas, Catholic churches, and folk houses, highlighting the Northern Vietnamese people’s unique technical and aesthetic characteristics. It provides detailed insights into construction methods, spatial arrangements, and decorative elements, compiled from archival documents dating from the 1970s to the present. Beyond preservation, the collection is a critical resource for researchers exploring VVA’s structural principles, contributing to the conservation and ongoing development of Vietnam’s national architectural heritage.

The structural analysis of the 11-volume collection, as listed in Table A1, documented 105 traditional VVA structures, comprising 265 distinct structural components, forming a comprehensive dataset for this study. Roof structures are systematically cataloged in

Table 3. Statistical table of different shapes for each type of Roof structure.

Top Roof	Quantity	Side Roof	Quantity	Veranda Roof	Quantity
“Chong ruong” (stacked beams)	88	“Ban gia chieng” (half gong-hanger)	5	“Bay” (console)	55
“Gia chieng” (gong-hanger)	29	“Bay cheo” (diagonal console)	2	“Bay cheo” (diagonal console)	45
“Gia chieng–chong ruong” (stacked beams–gong–hanger)	47	“Chong ruong” (stacked beams)	105	“Bay ngang” (horizontal console)	6
“Gia chieng–chong ruong–con nhi” (stacked beams–gong-hanger with posts)	13	“Chong ruong–ke” (stacked beams–diagonal beam)	1	“Bay xoi” (eaves console)	1
“Con me” (thick support plank)	4	“Chong ruong kep” (double stacked beams)	2	“Ke” (diagonal beam)	55
“Gia chieng–ke chuyen” (gong-hanger with continuous diagonal beam)	1	“Con chong ruong” (stacked thick support plank)	26	“Ke co ngong” (gooseneck diagonal beam)	1
“Gia chieng–ke ngoi” (gong-hanger with diagonal beam)	4	“Con me” (thick support plank)	9	“Ke suot” (continuous diagonal beam)	19
“Gia chieng–van me” (gong-hanger with thick roof support plank)	1	“Gia chieng–chong ruong” (stacked beams–gong–hanger)	1	“Van me” (thick roof support plank)	1
“Van me” (thick roof support plank)	17	“Ke” (diagonal beam)	41	“Vi keo” (rafter truss)	1
“Vi keo” (rafter truss)	13	“Ke ngoi” (diagonal rafter stand on beam)	21
“Vi keo–coc bang” (rafter frame with posts)	28	“Keo suot” (continuous diagonal rafter)	27
“Vi keo–cot chong–tay don ngang” (rafter truss with supporting posts and horizontal lever beam)	3	“Keo suot” (continuous diagonal rafter)	2
“Vi keo–noc ngua” (rafter truss with king post)	1	“Van me” (thick roof support plank)	17
“Vi keo–qua giang” (rafter truss with cross beam)	1	“Van me–chong ruong” (stacked beams–thick support plank)	2
“Vi keo–tru tron” (rafter truss with short props)	4	“Vi keo” (rafter truss)	6
“Vi keo suot” (continuous rafter)	1	“Vo cua” (curved truss)	5
“Vo cua” (curved truss)	10

. Top Roof structures exhibit 17 unique configurations, followed by Side Roof structures and Veranda Roof structures with 16 and 9 distinct forms, respectively, underscoring the diversity in traditional roof designs. The Column structures within each Truss Set were analyzed, typically featuring either four or six columns: two main load-bearing rows (principal columns), two auxiliary columns (small columns) for load distribution, and, in some cases, two additional Veranda columns to extend the veranda space, enhancing spatial flexibility. This structural focus ensures that the dataset captures the technical essence of VVA, providing a foundation for modeling and design applications.

Regarding the organizational form of the building floor plans, the study identified five common floor shapes, as shown in Figure 2, with typical bay dimensions ranging from 2.2 m (e.g., Temple of King Dinh Tien Hoang, Truong Yen Commune, Hoa Lu City, Ninh Binh Province) to 6.4 m (e.g., Phat Diem Cathedral, Phat Diem Town, Kim Son District, Ninh Binh Province). These variations highlight the diversity of spatial configurations in VVA structures, which, combined with the structural analysis of roofs and columns, supports the development of conceptual designs that reflect traditional Vietnamese architecture’s technical and cultural dimensions.

5. Analysis of Structural Components for Vietnamese Vernacular Architecture

Following the completion of data collection from reputable sources, the second phase of the research methodology focuses on a meticulous analysis of the structural components of VVA to elucidate their technical and distinctive characteristics. First, the roof system, positioned atop the columns, comprises multiple layers with components bearing distinct names (Beam, Square Chock, Top Girder Chock, and Tie Beam), reflecting their role and position within the overall architecture. Specifically, the central section spans the primary columns, termed Top Roof structure, and serves as the primary support for the roof’s peak. The segment connecting the primary columns to the secondary columns, known as the Side Roof structure, facilitates load distribution from the roof’s apex downward, as illustrated in Figure 3. Additionally, the portion extending from the secondary columns to the veranda columns forms the Veranda Roof structure, which protects the veranda space from environmental factors. Figure 3 further highlights the layered arrangement of the Side Roof structures, a hallmark of the aesthetic sophistication inherent in VVA, reflecting the ingenuity of traditional design principles.

The roof-supporting framework, comprising columns and horizontal beams, is interconnected to form a robust structural system, with each component analyzed in detail in Figure 4. Each detail plays a crucial role in ensuring the durability and stability of the structure. Specifically, Column Base provides a solid foundation, distributing the load from the column to the ground, thus preventing the structure from sinking or tilting. The principal column is the central pillar, bearing the entire load from the roof and transmitting it downward to the base column, which plays a central role in the structural integrity. Small Column and Veranda Column aid in load distribution while extending the veranda space, enhancing the structure’s aesthetics and utility. Tie Beam connects the columns, forming a sturdy frame that helps maintain stability against impacts like storms. Principal Column–Small Column Connecting Girder strengthens the connection between columns, ensuring even load distribution. Diagonal Beam reinforces the frame’s rigidity, resisting lateral forces, and Principal Column Lock secures the joints, providing the robustness and longevity of the entire system. Nong (Dong) Plank is a bracing or connecting plank, and Column Base is the part itself or the footing.

These components exemplify the precision of traditional construction techniques and reflect the ingenuity of ancient builders in using wood, a readily available local resource, to create resilient and culturally significant structures. The meticulous arrangement of columns, beams, and roofing systems in VVA ensures structural integrity while showcasing a profound understanding of the natural environment. This results in buildings that harmonize seamlessly with their surroundings and endure for centuries. By synthesizing these findings, Figure 5 provides a comprehensive illustration of the complete structural framework of VVA, encompassing the roofing layers, columns, and horizontal beams. This analysis underscores the refined design and inherent sustainability of vernacular structures. Moreover, these results form a crucial foundation for the subsequent development of 3D models in the following phases of the research.

6. Authoring of BIM Structural Components Library

6.1. Design Principle Applied in Vernacular Architecture BIM Component

Establishing precise design principles is essential to authoring accurate BIM models of VA components. According to Le and Cao [26], dimensions such as length, height, roof slope, and purlin spacing in VVA, particularly in village communal houses, adhere to specific standards defined by the Sam Ruler. This system originates from the overall longitudinal length of the structure, termed “Long Nha” (denoted as “L”). This length is divided into one “Khoang Thuong” (denoted as “L1”), two “Khoang Trung” (denoted as “L2”), and two “Khoang Thuan” (denoted as “L3”), with each “Khoang Trung” and “Khoang Thuan” being equal in size. Figure 6 exemplifies this division: for a “Long Nha” length of L = 18a, the Khoang Thuong is L1 = 8a, each “Khoang Trung” is L2 = 5a, and each “Khoang Thuan” is L3 = 3a, where “a” represents the “Khoang Ngang” unit on the Sam Ruler.

Column heights are calibrated to achieve a balance between aesthetics and structural integrity. The height of small columns (denoted as “H”) ranges from 7b to 9b to avoid head collisions with the Veranda Roof. The height of the principal column (denoted as “A”) is calculated as A = H + 8b, and the intermediate Column height (denoted as “B”) as B = H + 3b, where “b” is the “Khoang Đung” unit on the Sam Ruler, typically maintaining a b/a ratio of approximately 2/3 [26]. Roof slope is determined by the b/a ratio, ranging from 55–60% for tiled roofs or 65–70% for thatched or palm-leaf roofs, with the “Khoang Chay” (denoted as “c”), representing the roof’s diagonal length, computed using the Pythagorean theorem in a right triangle to ensure technical and aesthetic compatibility. Purlin spacing, which corresponds to the number of “Khoang Ngang”, is determined by the “a” and “b” ratios, ensuring even distribution and optimal load-bearing support.

Once designed and manufactured, these components are meticulously assembled to form a cohesive structural framework, ensuring precision and consistency. In actual construction, these frames are securely interconnected by horizontal beams, creating a robust system capable of efficiently distributing loads. The spacing between frames, known as “gian”, is determined by the overall design and functional requirements. This term holds cultural significance in VVA, reflecting a rational spatial division tailored to the structure’s intended purpose. Figure 7 illustrates a vernacular structure in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam [66], with five “gian”, clarifying the concept. In this context, a “gian” denotes the interval between adjacent columns within the framework, forming an organized spatial unit. The choice of an odd number of “gian” (e.g., 3, 5, or 7) reflects cultural beliefs in luck and prosperity, aligning with traditional feng shui principles.

These design principles underscore the pivotal role of the Sam Ruler system in VVA. Builders achieved a harmonious balance between aesthetic appeal and structural functionality by adhering to standardized proportions, such as Long Nha, Khoang Thuong, Khoang Trung, and Khoang Thuan, and calibrated column heights and roof slopes. These measurements, derived from Le and Cao, help faithfully recreate the characteristics of VA while optimally supporting the structure’s load-bearing capacity and weight distribution. To effectively translate these traditional design tenets into an automated framework for subsequent application, several core principles will guide the process. Firstly, the foundational application of the Sam Ruler’s proportional rules, as detailed Le and Cao [26], will be paramount to ensure dimensional fidelity in key aspects, like overall structure length (“Long Nha”), bay widths (“Khoang Ngang”), and roof geometries. Secondly, the automation will incorporate authentic structural archetypes, including characteristic forms, like Stacked Beams and Gong-Hanger Roof structures, referencing established datasets, such as the 11-volume IFCM dataset, to maintain cultural and structural integrity. Finally, the strategic use of parametric inputs will define both site-specific constraints and core structural attributes, thereby enabling the system to generate geometrically flexible and scalable designs while respecting vernacular traditions.

6.2. The Process of BIM Component Authoring

Statistical data in Table 3 highlight the diversity of Roof structure forms, including 17 configurations for Top Roof structure, 16 for Side Roof structure, and 9 for Veranda Roof structure. Combining these forms results in a wide array of roof structure variants. This study concentrates on the most frequently occurring and structurally representative configurations. For Top Roof structure, the predominant forms include Stacked beam, Gong-hanger, and a hybrid of Gong-hanger–Stacked beam. The Side Roof structure primarily features Stacked Beam, Diagonal Beam, and Diagonal Continuous Beam forms, while the Veranda Roof structure commonly adopts Console and Diagonal Beam configurations. These selected typologies adhere to the “Upper Four, Lower Five” principle, ensuring both structural stability and cultural coherence [26].

The 3D modeling process begins with defining critical dimensions, with “Khoang Ngang” serving as the core parameter, as outlined in Section 6.1. Dependent parameters, such as “Khoang Dung” and “Khoang Chay”, are derived from this foundational value. Individual components of the Top Roof structure, including beams, square chocks, short props, and top girder chocks (Figure 3), are modeled as separate Families in Autodesk Revit before being assembled into a complete Top Roof configuration. Figure 8 presents the result of a 3D model of a Top Roof structure with a Stacked Beam form, where the parameters are set as follows: “Khoang Ngang” = 450 mm, “Khoang Dung” = 300 mm, and “Khoang Chay” = 540.8 mm. This modeling procedure is applied similarly to other configurations of the Top Roof, Side Roof, Veranda Roof, Column, and Horizontal Beam, producing detailed and accurate 3D representations of selected forms, as illustrated in Figure 9.

Upon completing individual component modeling based on predefined design principles, the next phase involves assembling these components into a cohesive structural framework using the Nested Family (NF) technique in Autodesk Revit. This method embeds discrete architectural Families into a composite Family, facilitating streamlined management, parameter adjustment, and model reusability while maintaining modeling accuracy and consistency. The process follows five structured steps, corresponding to the five principal components of VVA. It aims to construct a tightly integrated system that not only fulfills structural requirements but also embodies the authentic characteristics of VA. Figure 10 visually details the NF process, presented sequentially from left to right and top to bottom. It illustrates each stage from shaping individual components to their precise integration into a unified framework. At intersections of perpendicular building rows, the NF technique is reapplied within Revit to preserve proportional consistency. These junctions incorporate key components: Roof structures, columns, and horizontal beams, which are assembled to protect vernacular characteristics. Figure 11 similarly visualizes this process at the intersection points, presented in sequential stages.

6.3. Nested BIM Components for Structural Frame

Figure 12 presents the outcomes of the BIM model authoring process for structural frameworks corresponding to the configurations outlined in Table 3. Each Top Roof structure configuration is flexibly integrated with complementary components, including the Side Roof structure, Veranda Roof structure, columns, and horizontal beams, ensuring design diversity and architectural coherence. This modeling framework is a foundational step toward developing a comprehensive digital library for VA. The results provide accurate digital reconstructions of traditional architectural features and highlight the system’s design versatility, enabling the generation of diverse roof forms tailored to specific project requirements.

The authoring of BIM models of multi-compartment frame system construction illustrates the progression from a single structural unit to a comprehensive architectural framework. Figure 13a illustrates a single frame, comprising key structural components assembled using the NF method in Autodesk Revit. Figure 13b,c depict two-frame and four-frame configurations with uniformly spaced “gian” optimizing load distribution and spatial organization.

Figure 14 emphasizes a critical feature of multi-compartment frame systems: the corner “gian”, where perpendicular rows of frames intersect to form a cohesive structure with orthogonal alignment. This study introduces a structural strategy for addressing such intersections, ensuring dimensional accuracy and the integration of traditional architectural components. The precise placement of columns and horizontal beams at these junctions upholds structural integrity and reinforces aesthetic coherence. The resulting frame system is robust, modular, and adaptable to the varied spatial demands characteristic of VVA.

7. Development of Automated Configuration Algorithms

7.1. Automated Configuration Algorithm Development Process

This study develops an automated configuration algorithm process to streamline the configuration of VVA (Figure 15). Developed using Dynamo, a visual programming interface integrated with Autodesk Revit, the algorithm aims to simplify complex design tasks, minimize human error, and boost overall modeling efficiency. The process begins with acquiring user-defined input data, including site-specific parameters and fundamental structural properties. The preliminary processing of site characteristics follows this in order to determine building placement and generate the site outline. The subsequent phase focuses on establishing the main structural framework, where the algorithm precisely positions and adjusts frame components, accounting for specific corner integrations. Finally, the process outlines the meticulous arrangement of roof purlins and the installation of longitudinal beams, all guided by the initial parameters and foundational structural logic. To ensure cultural and structural authenticity, the automation of VVA-based configurations adheres to the criteria summarized in Section 6.1, specifically: (1) adherence to the Sam Ruler system as outlined by Le and Cao [26], guaranteeing proportional accuracy for dimensions like “Long Nha,” “Khoang Ngang,” and roof slopes; (2) selection of structural typologies (e.g., Stacked Beams, Gong-Hanger) derived from the 11-volume IFCM dataset; and (3) the use of parametric inputs for site-specific and structural properties, allowing for geometric flexibility and scalability. These criteria, deeply rooted in VVA’s traditional construction logic and contemporary BIM workflows, ensure that the automated configurations effectively preserve cultural heritage while meeting modern design requirements, forming a robust foundation for the algorithm’s development. Translating these basic principles and the detailed five-phase framework into practice, each algorithm phase was subsequently developed and executed within the Dynamo visual programming environment.

In the initial step, user-defined parameters are collected through intuitive interfaces built using Dynamo nodes, such as Data.Input and Code Block. Inputs are classified into two categories. The first includes site-specific parameters—length, width, and setback distances (front, rear, and sides)—which define construction boundaries and calculate total dimensions, thereby determining the number of bays (“gian”). The second group encompasses structural properties, including bay width and depth, overall building height, and roof configuration type, which influence the arrangement of purlins and beams.

In the second step (Figure A1, Appendix A), site characteristics are analyzed using nodes such as Math.Sum and Geometry.Bounds to determine geometric properties, including area, length, width, and bay count. These calculations form the geometric foundation for subsequent modeling steps.

The third step focuses on generating the structural framework (Figure A2). The algorithm uses the FamilyInstance.ByPoint node to place frame instances at pre-defined coordinates. These frames are adjusted based on input parameters, particularly the horizontal spacing parameter “a” from the “Integrate Frame” Family, with dimensional values assigned via the Element.SetParameterByName node. “Conner Integrate Frame” Families are placed at perpendicular intersections to ensure system-wide continuity and geometric consistency.

Once the framework is established, the fourth step arranges the roof purlins (Figure A3). The number and placement of purlins depend on the roof form and overall building height, typically ranging from 24 to 26 purlins per side. Elevation values are configured to descend progressively from the ridge to the eaves. Coordinates for each purlin are defined using the Point.ByCoordinates node, connected by Line.ByStartPointEndPoint, and instantiated using StructuralFraming.BeamByCurve, producing a purlin system that is consistent with traditional structural logic.

The final step involves installing longitudinal beams—upper, middle, and lower—aligned with purlins 5, 10, and 13 (measured from the ridge) (Figure A4). Predefined path lines are reused, with adjusted elevations to ensure accurate beam placement. These beams are instantiated using StructuralFraming.BeamByCurve. A Python 3.13.5 script converts integer-coded user input (e.g., values representing main roof, secondary roof, or veranda) into Boolean outputs for the automated assignment of structural typologies. These are applied to relevant Family parameters within a transactional context to ensure data integrity and reversibility. Additionally, the script includes error logging for missing or invalid parameters, enabling users to identify and address issues, thereby providing the reliability and robustness of the automation process.

7.2. BIM Model Generated Using Automated Configuration Algorithms

Figure 16 illustrates the validation results of the automated configuration algorithm developed for conceptualizing designs in VVA. A test case was implemented using hypothetical parameters entered via the Dynamo Player interface to assess the algorithm’s performance. These parameters included a U-shaped floor plan, a site length and width of 30,000 mm, a minimum front setback of 3000 mm, rear and side setbacks of 2000 mm, bay widths ranging from 2500 mm to 5000 mm, and a compartment depth of 9000 mm. They selected structural configurations: Gong-Hanger for the Top Roof structure, Stacked Beams for the Side Roof structure, and Console for the Veranda Roof structure.

The algorithm generated a complete U-shaped floor shape based on these inputs. The output, visualized through the Dynamo Player interface, included five bays on each side (Number of “gian” in the side wings), two bays in the central section (Number of “gian” in the main block), a total building width of 25,000 mm, a length of 23,000 mm, and a floor area of 575 m². As shown in Figure 16, the resulting 3D model features precisely arranged architectural components—including columns, purlins, longitudinal beams, and roof structures—symmetrically assembled to reflect the open, interconnected spatial logic characteristic of VVA.

Analysis of this test confirms the algorithm’s ability to deliver accurate, rapid, and efficient design solutions, surpassing conventional manual modeling in speed and precision. The successful replication of culturally significant architectural forms validates the tool’s capacity for broader applicability across various vernacular building types, including beam houses, communal houses, and more complex multi-compartment configurations.

Automating repetitive tasks minimizes human error and allows designers to concentrate on creative exploration and conceptual refinement. These results underscore the effectiveness of the automation program in producing comprehensive, culturally informed architectural models, thereby significantly enhancing design productivity. This advancement represents a pivotal step toward streamlining the design of heritage-based structures that preserve traditional values while fulfilling contemporary functional requirements.

8. Discussion

Notably, the integration of Autodesk Revit with the NF technique enabled the flexible and precise assembly of components. This innovation partially addresses challenges associated with the non-standardized nature of vernacular forms, previously identified by Bruno, De Fino and Fatiguso [48] and Gargaro, Del Giudice and Ruffino [49]. The development of a comprehensive BIM component library and a robust automation algorithm allows for the rapid generation of entire structural frames from minimal input parameters. Unlike general parametric design tools, this approach uniquely prioritizes formal and structural fidelity grounded in traditional rules—such as the Sam Ruler—thus supporting both the digitization and reuse of VVA heritage in new contexts.

This distinction is critical when compared to existing methodologies. For example, GENE_ARCH [67] employs evolutionary algorithms to optimize building performance (e.g., energy efficiency) but does not prioritize the preservation of traditional structural logic. Similarly, the study by Kim and Jeon [16] introduced a parametric modeling approach based on the “Kan” (bay) concept to reduce construction costs through CAM-based prefabrication. While these approaches apply BIM and parameterization to traditional East Asian wooden architecture, the present study differs in its explicit focus on automating the conceptual design of complete structural frames using Revit and Dynamo, based on encoded VVA design principles and characteristic truss types.

Furthermore, whereas Kim and Jeon utilized Digital Project to emphasize parametric control of modular “assembly units” for customization and prefabrication, and studies such as those on Southern Vietnamese traditional houses [23] proposed design lessons and illustrative prototypes, this study advances the field by offering a specific technical method and automation algorithm. These innovations enable the direct generation of structural frame designs grounded in traditional construction principles, thus transforming tacit cultural knowledge into a computable and replicable generative design process. In doing so, the study lays the groundwork for the development of advanced design support tools.

In addition, while prior studies primarily employed HBIM for preservation purposes—often through laser scanning and point clouds—this research expands the scope of BIM from documentation to new design ideation. For instance, Murphy, McGovern and Pavia [45] focused on the accurate reconstruction of historic geometries, albeit through manual or semi-automated methods that limit scalability for new applications. Similarly, Chiabrando, Sammartano and Spanò [47] emphasized documentation but encountered obstacles in automating complex vernacular form recognition. In contrast, this study leverages the NF technique within Revit to enable flexible assembly of non-standardized components, such as stacked beams and Gong-hanger roof structures, achieving an effective integration of cultural authenticity and technical precision. This approach helps to reconcile the mismatch between BIM’s standardized framework and the bespoke nature of VVA, as highlighted by Gargaro, Del Giudice and Ruffino [49].

The automated configuration algorithm developed in this study—implemented via Dynamo in Revit—marks a notable technical advancement. In contrast to works by López et al. [19], Baik [22], Baik, et al. [68], and Baik et al. [44], which focus on integrating point clouds into BIM for heritage documentation without automation capabilities, the current approach enables the rapid generation of complete structural frames from minimal user input. The five-phase automation framework demonstrated here significantly outperforms manual modeling in both speed and accuracy, as evidenced by its successful application to a U-shaped VVA structural frame. Moreover, the proposed system surpasses the analytical focus of BIM–GIS integration studies, such as that by Dore and Murphy [51], by offering a scalable generative design tool applicable to diverse VVA typologies—including communal and beam houses.

The significance of this research lies not only in providing a technical solution but also in bridging Vietnam’s architectural heritage with future-oriented development. By digitizing traditional components and automating design processes, this study supports heritage preservation while promoting sustainable construction practices. This aligns with ecological design principles emphasized by Lawrence [31] and Oliver [32] in their respective studies on vernacular architecture. Importantly, the generated BIM models serve as comprehensive data hubs throughout the building lifecycle, encompassing historical data, material specifications, structural integrity, and environmental performance. This centralized information repository enhances decision-making, reduces errors and rework, and improves collaboration among stakeholders across disciplines. In the context of VVA, such a data-driven approach not only ensures long-term preservation and authenticity but also integrates traditional architecture into a contemporary, manageable, and efficient framework. Furthermore, the findings pave the way for the development of specialized BIM libraries for VVA and promote interdisciplinary collaboration, as also advocated by Dore and Murphy [51] in their work on BIM–GIS synergies.

Despite these contributions, the study has several limitations that warrant consideration. First, by focusing predominantly on prevalent forms, especially those influenced by Northern Delta wooden architecture [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65], the model risks oversimplifying the rich diversity of VVA and underrepresenting regional variants. This concern echoes critiques by Sztwiertnia et al. [50], regarding the limitations of rigid shape libraries in HBIM. Moreover, this narrow focus diverges from calls for broader regional exploration of Vietnamese architecture, as emphasized by Le and Cao [26], underscoring the need for future studies to incorporate a wider range of regional styles and construction traditions. Second, operational limitations of the automation model must be acknowledged. The current model depends heavily on user-defined parameters, which can create accessibility barriers for practitioners lacking deep knowledge of VVA. This issue, also noted by Bruno, De Fino and Fatiguso [48], highlights the challenge of ensuring usability for non-experts. Furthermore, while the automation algorithm developed herein represents a significant step forward, it remains limited in sophistication relative to the potential of more advanced systems. Future iterations could benefit from the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to enable autonomous identification and recommendation of architectural components based on historical datasets and learned design patterns, moving towards a more intelligent, user-friendly system. Lastly, the current study lacks empirical evaluations or real-world applications that could demonstrate the practical effectiveness of the proposed system. The absence of case studies limits the ability to assess performance in realistic contexts or benchmark against traditional methods.

To address these limitations, several strategies for future research are proposed. First, the research scope should be significantly broadened to include diverse VVA styles from across Vietnam. This expansion should involve detailed documentation of region-specific construction methods, material usage, and cultural adaptations, ultimately supporting the creation of a more comprehensive national BIM library for Vietnamese heritage architecture. Second, the Dynamo automation script should be enhanced with AI and ML technologies to support more intelligent design workflows, including automatic component recognition, adaptive rule-based design generation, and dynamic feedback mechanisms. Third, the methodologies and tools developed in this study hold strong potential for international application. Countries with rich traditions of wooden vernacular architecture could adapt this framework for their own preservation and design efforts, fostering global collaboration in digital heritage conservation. Finally, and most critically, the proposed BIM models and automation tools must be applied and tested in real-world projects, both in restoration and new construction inspired by traditional forms. Such empirical validation will provide essential feedback for refinement, ensure practical relevance, and help strike a balance between authentic heritage preservation and modern construction needs. Collectively, these future directions aim to reinforce BIM’s pivotal role in the field of heritage conservation, while affirming its dynamic potential as a creative, scalable, and efficient tool within the evolving landscape of Vietnamese architecture.

9. Conclusions

This study successfully demonstrates the implementation of BIM in VVA by developing detailed BIM models and establishing an automated configuration algorithm. Input data were sourced from an 11-volume collection published by the IFCM of Vietnam, which provides comprehensive insights into traditional wooden structures, including construction techniques and decorative details. The research methodology involved analyzing design principles based on the Sam Ruler, employing the NF technique in Autodesk Revit to assemble components such as Top Roof structure, Side Roof structure, Veranda Roof structure, Columns and Horizontal beams, and utilizing Dynamo to automate the design process.

The study yields two significant contributions. First, it accurately recreates characteristic vernacular components, adhering to the Sam Ruler’s design rules, laying the foundation for a valuable digital library for future use. Second, it proposes an automated workflow using Dynamo within Revit. It enables the rapid and efficient generation of the complete structural frame from basic input parameters, facilitating the design of vernacular-inspired structures. These outcomes contribute to preserving architectural heritage and chart a novel path for sustainable development in Vietnam’s construction industry.

By integrating modern technology with traditional knowledge, this research validates BIM’s capability to overcome technical challenges associated with the non-standardized nature of VA, providing a practical solution to balance cultural preservation with contemporary demands. Despite laying a strong foundation for future efforts in digitizing and sustaining VVA, this study acknowledges certain limitations. These primarily include a simplified representation of VVA diversity, stemming from a focus on prevalent forms and a geographically restricted scope concentrated on Northern Delta-influenced architecture. Furthermore, the model’s current dependence on manual input for intricate parameters and user-defined data for automation may limit its broader adaptability and ease of use for individuals without deep VVA expertise. Critically, the research also currently lacks comprehensive real-world evaluations or comparative case studies to empirically demonstrate the proposed model’s full operational effectiveness and efficiency.

Future research will focus on expanding the model’s scope to encompass diverse regional Vietnamese architectural styles, aiming to establish a comprehensive national BIM library. Concurrently, efforts will concentrate on enhancing automation capabilities through advanced AI and ML integration, fostering more intelligent design generation. Furthermore, the developed methodologies show significant international applicability, suggesting potential for global collaborative heritage conservation. Crucially, rigorous real-world testing and validation are essential to refine these solutions and ensure a harmonious balance between authentic preservation and modern architectural demands, ultimately reinforcing BIM’s pivotal role in heritage conservation.