Occupational Inhalation Health Risk Assessment of TCE Exposure in the Korean Manufacturing Industry
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Dose–Response Assessment
3.2. Exposure Assessment
3.3. Risk Characterization
3.3.1. Non-Carcinogenic Risk
3.3.2. Carcinogenic Risk
3.3.3. Comparison of OEL and High-Concentration Exposure
3.3.4. Risk Reduction Scenario
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steps | Categories | Values | |
---|---|---|---|
POD | NOAEL 100 ppm (rat, inhalation) | ||
Quantitative correction | NOAELADJ (7/8 × 5/5 × 0.83/1.25) | 0.58 | |
NOAELHEC | 1 | ||
Uncertainty correction | Interspecies | 3 | |
Intraspecies | 5 | ||
Duration | ≥6 months | 1 | |
Severity | 1 | ||
RfCworknon-carcinogen | 100 ppm × 0.58 ÷ 15 | 3.87 ppm |
Steps | Categories | Values |
---|---|---|
POD | Kidney | Inhalation unit risk 5.49 × 10−3 risk/ppm |
IURworkplace 1 | IUR ÷ CF = IUR ÷ 4.2(20/10 × 365/260 × 70/40)/(70/60) | 1.31 × 10−3 risk/ppm |
RfCworkcarcinogen 2 | 1 ÷ (1.31 × 10−3 risk/ppm) × 10−4 risk | 7.65 × 10−2 ppm |
KSIC Code | Type of Manufacturing Industry | AM (ppm) | SD | N | Range (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | Fabricated metal products (except machinery and furniture) | 4.67 | 7.94 | 1175 | 0~86.48 |
27 | Medical, precision, and optical instruments, watches, and clocks | 4.07 | 6.88 | 235 | 0~33.53 |
26 | Electronic components, computers, visual, sounding, and communication equipment | 3.62 | 6.71 | 1346 | 0~46.72 |
33 | Other | 3.55 | 7.42 | 130 | 0~49.29 |
29 | Other machinery and equipment | 2.89 | 6.19 | 618 | 0~48.80 |
28 | Electrical equipment | 2.53 | 6.72 | 262 | 0~57.28 |
30 | Motor vehicles, trailers, and semitrailers | 2.09 | 4.32 | 623 | 0~41.76 |
16 | Wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture | 2.07 | 5.88 | 71 | 0~36.19 |
23 | Other non-metallic mineral products | 1.62 | 5.04 | 39 | 0~27.21 |
17 | Pulp, paper, and paper products | 1.54 | 6.52 | 47 | 0~35.99 |
24 | Basic metals | 1.22 | 3.21 | 180 | 0~21.47 |
22 | Rubber and plastic products | 1.18 | 4.36 | 261 | 0~38.59 |
18 | Printing and reproduction of recorded media | 0.88 | 3.53 | 165 | 0~26.83 |
20 | Chemicals and chemical products (except pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemicals) | 0.66 | 3.23 | 379 | 0~32.33 |
21 | Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, and botanical products | 0.42 | 2.06 | 70 | 0~15.58 |
32 | Furniture | 0.38 | 0.80 | 36 | 0~4.08 |
15 | Leather, luggage, and footwear | 0.24 | 0.32 | 41 | 0~1.15 |
13 | Textiles, except apparel | 0.21 | 0.80 | 124 | 0~8.18 |
31 | Other transport equipment | 0.13 | 0.92 | 461 | 0~12.68 |
19 | Coke, briquettes, and refined petroleum products | 0.02 | 0.10 | 48 | 0~0.55 |
KSIC Code | 25%ile | 50%ile | 75%ile | 95%ile | HQ > 1 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 2.8 × 10−1 | 6.1 × 10−1 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 33.5 |
27 | 2.5 × 10−1 | 5.4 × 10−1 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 30.5 |
26 | 2.0 × 10−1 | 4.5 × 10−1 | 1.0 | 3.3 | 25.0 |
33 | 1.6 × 10−1 | 4.0 × 10−1 | 9.7 × 10−1 | 3.3 | 23.8 |
29 | 1.3 × 10−1 | 3.2 × 10−1 | 7.7 × 10−1 | 2.7 | 18.6 |
30 | 9.9 × 10−2 | 2.5 × 10−1 | 5.8 × 10−1 | 2.0 | 13.1 |
28 | 8.8 × 10−2 | 2.3 × 10−1 | 6.1 × 10−1 | 2.4 | 15.0 |
16 | 6.4 × 10−2 | 1.8 × 10−1 | 4.7 × 10−1 | 2.1 | 12.5 |
23 | 4.5 × 10−2 | 1.2 × 10−1 | 3.7 × 10−1 | 1.5 | 9.0 |
24 | 4.2 × 10−2 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 3.0 × 10−1 | 1.2 | 6.5 |
17 | 2.9 × 10−2 | 9.2 × 10−2 | 2.8 × 10−1 | 1.5 | 7.8 |
22 | 2.5 × 10−2 | 7.7 × 10−2 | 2.4 × 10−1 | 1.2 | 6.0 |
18 | 1.7 × 10−2 | 5.3 × 10−2 | 1.7 × 10−1 | 8.5 × 10−1 | 4.1 |
32 | 1.8 × 10−2 | 4.2 × 10−2 | 1.0 × 10−1 | 3.6 × 10−1 | 0.8 |
15 | 1.8 × 10−2 | 3.6 × 10−2 | 7.3 × 10−2 | 2.0 × 10−1 | 0.1 |
20 | 1.0 × 10−2 | 3.3 × 10−2 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 6.8 × 10−1 | 2.9 |
21 | 6.1 × 10−3 | 2.1 × 10−2 | 7.1 × 10−2 | 4.2 × 10−1 | 1.6 |
13 | 4.8 × 10−3 | 1.5 × 10−2 | 4.4 × 10−2 | 2.2 × 10−1 | 0.5 |
31 | 1.4 × 10−3 | 5.0 × 10−3 | 1.8 × 10−2 | 1.2 × 10−1 | 0.3 |
19 | 5.4 × 10−4 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 4.9 × 10−3 | 2.3 × 10−2 | 0.0 |
KSIC Code | 25%ile | 50%ile | 75%ile | 95%ile | HQ > 1 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 13.6 | 30.8 | 67.4 | 217 | 99.8 |
27 | 12.1 | 26.3 | 57.5 | 177 | 99.9 |
26 | 9.8 | 22.8 | 51.5 | 172 | 99.5 |
33 | 8.4 | 20.5 | 49.0 | 172 | 99.1 |
29 | 6.8 | 16.2 | 38.3 | 134 | 98.3 |
30 | 5.1 | 12.2 | 29.0 | 103 | 97.3 |
28 | 4.6 | 12.1 | 31.8 | 126 | 95.5 |
16 | 3.3 | 9.2 | 24.9 | 101 | 92.9 |
23 | 2.3 | 6.4 | 18.2 | 83.8 | 88.8 |
24 | 2.1 | 5.6 | 14.9 | 59.2 | 88.7 |
17 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 15.0 | 74.3 | 81.9 |
22 | 1.3 | 3.9 | 11.8 | 60.2 | 80.1 |
18 | 8.7 × 10−1 | 2.7 | 8.6 | 45.7 | 72.6 |
32 | 8.6 × 10−1 | 2.1 | 5.1 | 17.3 | 71.7 |
15 | 9.2 × 10−1 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 9.8 | 72.4 |
20 | 5.0 × 10−1 | 1.7 | 5.7 | 34.4 | 61.9 |
21 | 3.2 × 10−1 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 19.9 | 50.9 |
13 | 2.4 × 10−1 | 7.3 × 10−1 | 2.3 | 10.7 | 42.0 |
31 | 6.7 × 10−2 | 2.5 × 10−1 | 9.3 × 10−1 | 6.1 | 24.2 |
19 | 2.7 × 10−2 | 8.1 × 10−2 | 2.5 × 10−1 | 1.3 | 63.9 |
Factor | Efficiency | Non-Carcinogenic Risks | Carcinogenic Risks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HQ for 50%ile | HQ for 95%ile | Ratio of HQ > 1 * | HQ for 50%ile | HQ for 95%ile | Ratio of HQ > 1 * | ||
Air-purifying respirators (active carbon filter cartridge) | 83% | 3.3 × 10−1 | 3.4 | 1.56 | 16.5 | 147.8 | 1.03 |
Half face masks (active carbon filters) | 26% | 5.4 × 10−1 | 3.9 | 1.12 | 27.2 | 192.9 | 1.00 |
Half mask respirator (twice-a-day cartridge exchange) | 83.6% | 3.2 × 10−1 | 3.1 | 1.60 | 15.9 | 158.5 | 1.03 |
Half mask respirator (once-a-month cartridge exchange) | 46.6% | 4.7 × 10−1 | 3.4 | 1.22 | 24.8 | 179.5 | 1.00 |
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Seo, S.; Shin, S.; Byeon, S. Occupational Inhalation Health Risk Assessment of TCE Exposure in the Korean Manufacturing Industry. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 5510. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135510
Seo S, Shin S, Byeon S. Occupational Inhalation Health Risk Assessment of TCE Exposure in the Korean Manufacturing Industry. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(13):5510. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135510
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeo, Sueji, Saemi Shin, and Sanghoon Byeon. 2024. "Occupational Inhalation Health Risk Assessment of TCE Exposure in the Korean Manufacturing Industry" Applied Sciences 14, no. 13: 5510. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135510
APA StyleSeo, S., Shin, S., & Byeon, S. (2024). Occupational Inhalation Health Risk Assessment of TCE Exposure in the Korean Manufacturing Industry. Applied Sciences, 14(13), 5510. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135510