Overcoming the Technological Barriers in the Blockchain Supply Chain for Small Carriers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Blockchain Technology
2.2. Devices for Data Acquisition
2.3. Applications in the Supply Chain
3. Methodology and Materials
Levels of Control
- Manual control
- 2.
- Semi-manual control
- 3.
- Automatic control
- lack of access to technology,
- motivation to use new technologies,
- insufficient financial resources to upgrade equipment or technology,
- ignorance and mistrust of new technologies,
- lack of transport standards.
4. Case Study: Measurement of the Temperature of a Vehicle Intended for the Transport of Temperature-Sensitive Good
4.1. Vehicles and Measuring Devices
4.2. The Proposed Ecosystem of Engagement in the Blockchain Platform
- lack of verification of transport conditions,
- the level of objectivity,
- insufficient technological equipment,
- Processing is based only on traditional procedures and minimum legislative requirements.
- Legal requirements set by standards, regulations, etc., for the transportation of temperature-sensitive goods.
- Standards for entry devices and communication gateways that certify entries, considering the level of control available between the different stakeholders. Insufficient technological equipment should also be considered.
- Standards for secure verification in a distributed ledger, such as blockchain platforms and similar systems.
- Establishing process logic and collaboration within the supply chain is necessary to ensure effective communication and coordination among the various stakeholders involved.
- the client app submits the smart contract/transaction,
- the main net node is checking the necessary information,
- the node provides information to the network,
- the network determines the order and consensus time-stamp of the event,
- the node produces a transaction record that includes a payload, topic, and order,
- the mirror node listens for records,
- the mirror node or nodes analyse transaction details,
- the client app communicates with the mirror node to execute the transaction.
4.3. Testing the Blockchain
- Account Id: 0.0.3994950
- fileCreateTxId: 0.0.3591751@1712681776.049011113
- txExplorerUrl: https://hashscan.io/testnet/transaction/0.0.3591751@1712681776.049011113 (accessed on 10 April 2024)
- localFileContents: The required temperature during transport was 5.2 Celsius. This is to the requirements.
- networkFileContents: The required temperature during transport was 5.2 Celsius. This is to the requirements.
5. Discussion and Further Work
Challenges for Small Carriers
- Transformation and adaptation to market needs,
- Modernising the fleet,
- Testing new equipment,
- Automatisation of processes,
- Introducing the new approach to meet the industry criteria,
- Provide feedback to supply chain consortia to enable efficient data verification.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Caradonna, T. Blockchain and society. Inform. Spektrum 2020, 43, 40–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- da Cunha, P.R.; Soja, P.; Themistocleous, M. Blockchain for development: A guiding framework. Inf. Technol. Dev. 2021, 27, 417–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, L.; Xu, X.; Xue, W. Blockchain mania without bitcoins: Evidence from the chinese stock market. Res. Int. Bus. Financ. 2024, 67, 102141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rehman, M.H.; Salah, K.; Damiani, E.; Svetinovic, D. Trust in blockchain cryptocurrency ecosystem. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 2019, 67, 1196–1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schär, F. Decentralised finance: On blockchain-and smart contract-based financial markets. FRB St. Louis Rev. 2021, 103, 153–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tasatanattakool, P.; Techapanupreeda, C. Blockchain: Challenges and applications. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), Chiang Mai, Thailand, 10–12 January 2018; pp. 473–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lesavre, L.; Varin, P.; Yaga, D. Blockchain Networks: Token Design and Management Overview; No. NIST Internal or Interagency Report (NISTIR) 8301 (Withdrawn); National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2020.
- Kim, S.; Deka, G.C. (Eds.) MIRAZ MM Blockchain of Things (BCoT): The Fusion of Blockchain and IoT Technologies. In Advanced Applications of Blockchain Technology, Studies in Big Data 2020; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 141–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Lu, Y.; Bulysheva, L.; Kataev, M.Y. Applications of Blockchain in Industry 4.0: A Review. Inf. Syst. Front. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laroiya, C.; Saxena, D.; Komalavalli, C. Chapter 9—Applications of Blockchain Technology. In Handbook of Research on Blockchain Technology; Krishnan, S., Balas, V.E., Julie, E.G., Robinson, Y.H., Balaji, S., Kumar, R., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; pp. 213–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krichen, M.; Ammi, M.; Mihoub, A.; Almutiq, M. Blockchain for Modern Applications: A Survey. Sensors 2022, 22, 5274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sunny, F.A.; Hajek, P.; Munk, M.; Abedin, M.Z.; Satu, M.S.; Efat, M.I.A.; Islam, M.J. A systematic review of blockchain applications. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 59155–59177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, J.; He, D.; Luo, M.; Choo KK, R. A survey of blockchain applications in the energy sector. IEEE Syst. J. 2020, 15, 3370–3381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tse, D.; Zhang, B.; Yang, Y.; Cheng, C.; Mu, H. Blockchain application in food supply information security. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, 10–13 December 2017; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 1357–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandara, E.; Liang, X.; Foytik, P.; Shetty, S.; Mukkamala, R.; Rahman, A.; Ranasinghe, N.; De Zoysa, K.; Ng, W.K. Lightweight, geo-scalable deterministic blockchain design for 5g networks sliced applications with hierarchical cft/bft consensus groups, ipfs and novel hardware design. Internet Things 2024, 25, 101077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, I.C.H.; Liao, T.C.H. A Survey of Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges. Int. J. Netw. Secur. 2017, 19, 653–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nakamoto, S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available online: https://www.blockchain.com/ (accessed on 12 March 2024).
- Risius, M.; Spohrer, K. A Blockchain Research Framework. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 2017, 59, 385–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Komalavalli, C.; Saxena, D.; Laroiya, C. Chapter 14—Overview of Blockchain Technology Concepts. In Handbook of Research on Blockchain Technology; Krishnan, S., Balas, V.E., Julie, E.G., Robinson, Y.H., Balaji, S., Kumar, R., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; pp. 349–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Francisco, K.; Swanson, D. The Supply Chain Has No Clothes: Technology Adoption of Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency. Logistics 2018, 2, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michael, J.; Cohn, A.L.A.N.; Butcher, J.R. Blockchain technology. Journal 2018, 1, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Rajasekaran, A.S.; Azees, M.; Al-Turjman, F. A comprehensive survey on blockchain technology. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2022, 52, 102039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhumwad, S.; Sukhadeve, M.; Naik, C.; Manjunath, K.N.; Prabhu, S. A Peer to Peer Money Transfer Using SHA256 and Merkle Tree. In Proceedings of the 23RD Annual International Conference in Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM), Bangalore, India, 8–10 September 2017; Indian Institute of Science: Kochi, India, 2023; pp. 40–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mattila, J.; Seppälä, T. Blockchains as a Path to a Network of Systems—An Emerging New Trend of the Digital Platforms in Industry and Society; ETLA Report (No. 45); Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA): Helsinki, Finland, 2015; Available online: https://www.etla.fi/en/publications/blockchains-as-a-path-to-a-network-of-systems-an-emerging-new-trend-of-the-digital-platforms-in-industry-and-society/ (accessed on 20 December 2023).
- Hackius, N.; Petersen, M. Blockchain in logistics and supply chain: Trick or treat? In Digitalization in Supply Chain Management and Logistics: Smart and Digital Solutions for an Industry 4.0 Environment, Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Hamburg, Germany, 11–12 October 2017; epubli GmbH: Berlin, Germany, 2017; Volume 23, pp. 3–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tijan, E.; Aksentijević, S.; Ivanić, K.; Jardas, M. Blockchain Technology Implementation in Logistics. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Y.; Yan, J.; Chakraborty, C.; Sun, Y. Hedera: A permissionless and scalable hybrid blockchain consensus algorithm in multi-access edge computing for iot. IEEE Internet Things J. 2023, 10, 21187–21202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuo, T.T.; Rojas, H.Z.; Ohno-Machado, L. Comparison of blockchain platforms: A systematic review and healthcare examples. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 2019, 26, 462–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mittal, N.; Pal, S.; Joshi, A.; Sharma, A.; Tayal, S.; Sharma, Y. Chapter 23—Comparative analysis of various platforms of blockchain. In Smart and Sustainable Intelligent Systems; Namita Gupta, N., Chatterjee, P., Choudhury, T., Eds.; Scrivener Publishing LLC: Beverly, MA, USA, 2021; pp. 323–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, C.T.; Hoang, D.T.; Nguyen, D.N.; Niyato, D.; Nguyen, H.T.; Dutkiewicz, E. Proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms for future blockchain networks: Fundamentals, applications and opportunities. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 85727–85745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gervais, A.; Karame, G.; Wüst, K.; Glykantzis, V.; Ritzdorf, H.; Čapkun, S. On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 October 2016; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yakovenko, A. Solana: A New Architecture for a High Performance Blockchain v0. 8.13. Whitepaper. 2018. Available online: https://solana.com/ (accessed on 15 November 2023).
- Tan, W.C.; Sidhu, M.S. Review of RFID and IoT integration in supply chain management. Oper. Res. Perspect. 2022, 9, 100229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, N.; Valverde, R. The use of RFID based supply chain systems in data centers for the improvement of the performance of financial institutions. Eng. Manag. Res. 2014, 3, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rose, K.; Eldridge, S.; Chapin, L. The Internet of Things: An Overview; Internet Society: Reston, VA, USA, 2015; Available online: https://www.internetsociety.org/ (accessed on 15 February 2024).
- Kopetz, H.; Steiner, W. Internet of Things. In Real-Time Systems; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022; pp. 325–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Xu, L.D.; Zhao, S. The Internet of things: A survey. Inf. Syst. Front. 2015, 17, 243–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saravanan, G.; Parkhe, S.S.; Thakar, C.M.; Kulkarni, V.V.; Mishra, H.G.; Gulothungan, G. Implementation of IoT in production and manufacturing: An industry 4.0 approach. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 51, 2427–2430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kshetri, N. 1 ‘blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2018, 39, 80–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azzi, R.; Chamoun, R.K.; Sokhn, M. The power of a blockchain-based supply chain. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2019, 135, 582–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Queiroz, M.M.; Telles, R.; Bonilla, S.H. Blockchain and supply chain management integration: A systematic review of the literature. Supply Chain Manag. 2020, 25, 241–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Helo, P.; Hao, Y. Blockchains in operations and supply chains: A model and reference implementation. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2019, 136, 242–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caro, M.P.; Ali, M.S.; Vecchio, M.; Giaffreda, R. Blockchain-based traceability in Agri-Food supply chain management: A practical implementation. In Proceedings of the 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture—Tuscany (IOT Tuscany), IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture—Tuscany (IOT Tuscany), Tuscany, Italy, 8–9 May 2018; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Amin, S.; Sharkar, S.R.; Kaiser, M.S.; Biswas, M. Towards a Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management for E-Agro Business System. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Proceedings of the International Conference on Trends in Computational and Cognitive Engineering, Virtual, 17–18 December 2020; Bandyopadhyay, A., Mahmud, M., Ray, K., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2021; Volume 1309, pp. 329–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamble, S.S.; Gunasekaran, A.; Sharma, R. Modeling the Blockchain enabled traceability in agriculture supply chain. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2020, 52, 101967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dasaklis, T.K.; Voutsinas, T.G.; Tsoulfas, G.T.; Casino, F. A systematic literature review of blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability implementations. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Westerkamp, M.; Victor, F.; Küpper, A. Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Traceability: Token Recipes Model Manufacturing Processes. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Halifax, NS, Canada, 30 July–3 August 2018; IEEE Xplore: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varavallo, G.; Caragnano, G.; Bertone, F.; Vernetti-Prot, L.; Terzo, O. Traceability platform based on green blockchain: An application case study in dairy supply chain. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Algorand Technologies. Available online: https://algorandtechnologies.com/technology/solving-the-blockchain-trilemma (accessed on 30 March 2024).
- Bumblauskas, D.; Mann, A.; Dugan, B.; Rittmer, J. A blockchain use case in food distribution: Do you know where your food has been? Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2020, 52, 102008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddy, B.; Aithal, P.S. Blockchain based service: A case study on IBM blockchain services & hyperledger fabric. Int. J. Case Stud. Bus. IT Educ. 2020, 4, 94–102. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Correa Tavares, E.; Meirelles, F.D.S.; Tavares, E.C.; Cunha, M.A.; Schunk, L.M. Blockchain in the Amazon: Creating public value and promoting sustainability. Inf. Technol. Dev. 2021, 27, 579–598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golosova, J.; Romanovs, A. Overview of the Blockchain Technology Cases. In Proceedings of the 59th International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS), Riga, Latvia, 10–12 October 2018; IEEE Xplore: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bischoff, O.; Seuring, S. Opportunities and limitations of public blockchain-based supply chain traceability. Mod. Supply Chain Res. Appl. 2021, 3, 226–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boubaker, S.; Dolatineghabadi, P.; Clement, G.; Hamdaoui, Y.; Boutaleb, A. A Private Blockchain Platform to Manage Data Exchange Between Supply Chain Partners. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2022, 55, 3316–3321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, X.; Li, Z. Research on supply chain management based on blockchain technology. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019, 1176, 042039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdallah, S.; Nizamuddin, N. Blockchain-based solution for pharma supply chain industry. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2023, 177, 108997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gondal, M.U.A.; Khan, M.A.; Haseeb, A.; Albarakati, H.M.; Shabaz, M. A secure food supply chain solution: Blockchain and IoT-enabled container to enhance the efficiency of shipment for strawberry supply chain. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2023, 7, 1294829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNECE ATP Agreement. Available online: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/2201321E_pdf_web%20with%20corrections_protected.pdf (accessed on 11 April 2024).
- Eur-lex. Europa.eu. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/SK/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02004R0852-20090420&from=en (accessed on 11 April 2024).
- Akram, W.; Joshi, R.; Haider, T.; Sharma, P.; Jain, V.; Garud, N.; Narwaria, N.S. Blockchain technology: A potential tool for the management of pharma supply chain. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2024, 20, 156–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giri, G.; Manohar, H.L. Factors influencing the acceptance of private and public blockchain-based collaboration among supply chain practitioners: A parallel mediation model. Supply Chain Manag. 2023, 28, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pennekamp, J.; Alder, F.; Bader, L.; Scopelliti, G.; Wehrle, K.; Mühlberg, J.T. Securing sensing in supply chains: Opportunities, building blocks, and designs. IEEE Access 2024, 12, 9350–9368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lohmer, J.; Bugert, N.; Lasch, R. Analysis of resilience strategies and ripple effect in blockchain-coordinated supply chains: An agent-based simulation study. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 2020, 228, 107882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, C.; Dong, X. Risk prediction and credibility detection of network public opinion using blockchain technology. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2023, 187, 122177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alzoubi, Y.I.; Mishra, A. Green Blockchain—A move towards sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 430, 139541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, I. Cross-chain blockchain networks, compatibility standards, and interoperability standards: The case of european blockchain services infrastructure. In Cross-Industry Use of Blockchain Technology and Opportunities for the Future 2020; IGI Global: Hershey, PA, USA, 2020; pp. 150–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Factors | Manual | Semi-Manual | Automatic |
---|---|---|---|
Operation cost | Low | Medium | High |
Human intervention | High | Medium | Low |
Technology dependence | Low | Medium | High |
Data Sharing | Low | Medium | High |
Supply Chain Activities | Monitoring of Temperature | Application of Blockchain |
---|---|---|
Storage of goods | Full-surface measurement in the warehouse or destructive measurement | Online monitoring and recording in the “storage of goods” block |
Storage at production sites | Without measurement, e.g., orchard | Temperature measurement and recording when goods are loaded |
Preparation for transport | Goods wrapped in the required packaging material previously temperature-measured non-contact or destructively | Temperature measurement and recording when inspecting goods before loading |
Loading into the vehicle | During loading, a temperature change occurs in the space between the storage area and the cargo area. | Placing the measuring device on the goods at loading and automatic recording in the “loading” block |
Transport of goods | Monitoring the temperature of the items being transported in the vehicle | Placing multiple measuring devices and sending the current temperature information to the “transport” block |
Unloading from the vehicle | Heat transfer occurs between the cargo and storage areas during unloading. | Placing the measuring device on the goods at loading and automatic recording in the “unloading” block |
Final storage and sale to the consumer or use of the transported raw material to produce other goods | Temperature recording is also required in these areas | Online monitoring and recording in the “storage of goods” block |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gogola, M.; Rovnanikova, D.; Cerny, M. Overcoming the Technological Barriers in the Blockchain Supply Chain for Small Carriers. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114452
Gogola M, Rovnanikova D, Cerny M. Overcoming the Technological Barriers in the Blockchain Supply Chain for Small Carriers. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(11):4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114452
Chicago/Turabian StyleGogola, Marian, Dominika Rovnanikova, and Mikulas Cerny. 2024. "Overcoming the Technological Barriers in the Blockchain Supply Chain for Small Carriers" Applied Sciences 14, no. 11: 4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114452
APA StyleGogola, M., Rovnanikova, D., & Cerny, M. (2024). Overcoming the Technological Barriers in the Blockchain Supply Chain for Small Carriers. Applied Sciences, 14(11), 4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114452