Impact of Bimodal Particle Size Distribution Ratio of Functional Calcium Carbonate Filler on Thermal and Flowability Properties of Polyamide 12
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Controlling the Particle Size Distribution
2.3. Formulating Filler and Polyamide 12
2.4. Incorporating the Fillers into the Polyamide 12 by Compounding
2.5. Analytical Thermal Methods Applied to Composites
2.5.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.5.2. Melt Flow Index
2.5.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
2.5.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Filler Distribution Homogeneity
3.2. Thermal Properties
3.2.1. Degradation Temperature
3.2.2. Melt Properties
3.2.3. Crystallization Properties
4. Conclusions
- The increase of the melt flow, due to the introduction of a coarse filler fraction, can be reduced with the introduction of a finer filler into the blend. This increase in melt viscosity generated by the coarse filler can be reduced up to 60% with the precise amount of fine filler in the blend. If the fine filler fraction exceeds the optimum range of 80–130 m2 per 100 g polyamide 12, the improvement on the melt viscosity is reduced or even lost totally;
- The degradation temperature of the polymer compound can be increased by up to 6% with the implementation of at least 10 m2 of the coarse and 80 m2 of the fine filler fraction within 100 g of polyamide 12;
- With the combination of 10 m2 of coarse and 130 m2 fine filler in 100 g of polyamide 12, the melting transition can be sharpened up to 25% (reduced time required);
- Due to the higher single-particle-volume of the coarse fraction, the effect on the overall degradation and melting properties is reduced if the coarse filler fraction falls below the optimum threshold of 10 m2 per 100 g polyamide 12. The same counts for when the finer filler fraction is increased significantly;
- The crystallization process at 170 °C can be accelerated approx. 60% with the introduction of enough additional nucleation points, independent of the ratio of coarse and fine filler material in the blend. The crystallization point is significantly increased by the higher particle number of the fine filler fraction, in comparison with the coarse filler introduction only.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Omyacarb 10-AV | PA2200 | |
---|---|---|
Producer/supplier | Omya International | EOS e-Manufacturing |
Volume-based median Particle size, dv50 | 9 μm | 60 μm |
Particle shape | irregular | spherical |
Approx. thermal Conductivity at 298 K | 1.3 Wm−1 K−1 | 0.2 Wm−1 K−1 |
Approx. specific heat | 0.8 kJkg−1 K−1 | 1.2 kJkg−1 K−1 |
Filler | dv10/μm | dv50/μm | dv90/μm | Specific Surface Area/m2g−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0.99 | 6.34 | 18.9 | 1.9 |
B | 0.24 | 0.56 | 1.16 | 23.3 |
Filler | dv50/μm | Amount Filler A/w/w% | Amount Filler B/w/w% | Specific Surface Area/m2g−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
C | 4.12 | 50 | 50 | 12.2 |
D | 5.00 | 70 | 30 | 7.8 |
E | 2.59 | 30 | 70 | 21.8 |
F | 2.87 | 33 | 66 | 21.6 |
Filler Definition | Used Filler | Filler Amount/w/w% | Total Carbonate Surface per 100 g Polyamide 12/m2 | Filler A Surface per 100 g Polyamide 12/m2 | Filler B Surface per 100 g Polyamide 12/m2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A.5 | A | 5 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
B.5 | B | 5 | 120 | 0 | 120 |
C.10 | C | 10 | 141 | 11 | 130 |
D.10 | D | 10 | 95 | 15 | 80 |
E.10 | E | 10 | 187 | 6 | 181 |
F.10 | F | 10 | 286 | 11 | 275 |
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Ippolito, F.; Hübner, G.; Claypole, T.; Gane, P. Impact of Bimodal Particle Size Distribution Ratio of Functional Calcium Carbonate Filler on Thermal and Flowability Properties of Polyamide 12. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020641
Ippolito F, Hübner G, Claypole T, Gane P. Impact of Bimodal Particle Size Distribution Ratio of Functional Calcium Carbonate Filler on Thermal and Flowability Properties of Polyamide 12. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(2):641. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020641
Chicago/Turabian StyleIppolito, Fabio, Gunter Hübner, Tim Claypole, and Patrick Gane. 2021. "Impact of Bimodal Particle Size Distribution Ratio of Functional Calcium Carbonate Filler on Thermal and Flowability Properties of Polyamide 12" Applied Sciences 11, no. 2: 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020641