Assessment of Dietary Exposure and Risk of DDT Concerning Freshwater Fish Aquaculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Quantitative Survey
2.2. Evaluation Procedures of Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenic Chemical Substances
- Calculation of chronic daily intake (CDI—mg/kg of body weight per day)—also known as intake rate (I)—according to the following formula [30]:
- 2.
- Risk characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Cluster Analysis
3.3. Classical and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | ||||||
Female | Male | |||||
33.37% | 66.63% | |||||
Age | ||||||
18–29 years old | 30–39 years old | 40–59 years old | 60+ years old | |||
13.85% | 13.94% | 39.34% | 32.87% | |||
Regions | ||||||
Central Hungary | Central Transdanubia | Western Transdanubia | Southern Transdanubia | Northern Hungary | Northern Great Plain | Southern Great Plain |
28.98% | 14.05% | 9.26% | 5.38% | 3.89% | 16.83% | 21.61% |
Cluster 1 The Hearty Eaters | Cluster 2 The Average Carp Lovers | Cluster 3 The Young Carp Lovers | Cluster 4 The Carp Fanatics | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Size of the cluster (N) | 401 | 311 | 254 | 38 |
Ratio in the sample (%) | 39.9% | 31.0% | 25.3% | 3.8% |
Frequency of consumption (occasion/year) | 16.67 | 18.38 | 6.94 | 104.54 |
Serving size (g/occasion) | 319.40 | 215.95 | 149.22 | 249.21 |
Estimated annual fish consumption (kg/year) | 5.32 | 3.97 | 1.04 | 26.05 |
Frequency of Carp Consumption (Occasion/Year) | Estimated Annual Carp Consumption (kg/Year) | Average Body Weight (kg) | |
---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1— The hearty eaters | 16.67 | 5.32 | 91.01 |
Cluster 2— The average carp lovers | 18.38 | 3.97 | 80.99 |
Cluster 4— The carp fanatics | 104.54 | 26.05 | 82.97 |
Food Category | MRL for DDT (mg/kg) * | Average Concentration of DDT (mg/kg) | Research Article/Report for Calculation of Average Concentration |
---|---|---|---|
Fruits (fresh, frozen, canned) | 0.05 | 0.00414 | Galassi et al. (2008), Johnson et al. (2011), Goralczyk et al. (1999), |
Vegetables (fresh, frozen, canned) | 0.05 | 0.00387 | Lozowicka et al. (2016), Hura et al. (1999), Galassi et al. (2008), |
Mushrooms | 0.05 | 0.67464 | Gałgowska et al. (2012), Gałgowska & Pietrzak-Fiećko (2017) |
Cereals and bakery products | 0.05 | 0.09440 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Galassi et al. (2008), Hura et al. (1999), Lozowicka et al. (2016) |
Nuts and oilseeds | 0.05 | 0.00876 | Wieczorek & Garbowska (2020) |
Tea, coffee | 0.2 | 0.00580 | Hura et al. (1999), Witczak et al. (2017) |
Poultry and poultry products | 1 | 0.00085 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Galassi et al. (2008), Polder et al. (2010) |
Pork and pork products | 1 | 0.00547 | Darnerud et al. (2016), EFSA (2013), Galassi et al. (2008), Polder et al. (2010) |
Beef and beef products | 1 | 0.00061 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Galassi et al. (2008), Polder et al. (2010) |
Venison | 1 | 0.01747 | Galassi et al. (2008), Polder et al. (2010), Tomza-Marciniak et al. (2014) |
Offal (e.g., liver, kidney, tripe) | 1 | 0.00379 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Galassi et al. (2008), Naseri et al. (2019) |
Sea fish and products | - | 0.00365 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Galassi et al. (2008) |
Freshwater fish and fish products (carp) | - | 0.02844 | HappyFish project (Supplementary Materials S1) |
Milk | 0.04 | 0.00150 | Darnerud et al. (2016), EFSA (2013), Galassi et al. (2008) |
Dairy products (e.g., cheese, yoghurt, sour cream) | 0.04 | 0.01112 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Galassi et al. (2008), Rusu et al. (2016) |
Butter, margarine | 0.04 | 0.00483 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Weiss et al. (2013), Witczak & Abdel-Gawad (2014) |
Oils and fats | - | 0.00743 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Galassi et al. (2008), Özbek & Ergönül (2020), Škrbić & Predojević (2008) |
Egg | 0.05 | 0.00447 | Darnerud et al. (2016), EFSA (2013), Galassi et al. (2008), |
Honey | 0.05 | 0.07171 | Blasco et al. (2004), Matusevicius et al. (2010) |
Chocolate and cocoa products | 0.5 | 0.02783 | Darnerud et al. (2016), Okoffo et al. (2016) |
Food Category | Serving Size (g) * | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (Occasion/Year) | Quantity (kg/Year) | Frequency (Occasion/Year) | Quantity (kg/Year) | Frequency (Occasion/Year) | Quantity (kg/Year) | ||
Fruits (fresh, frozen, canned) | 80 | 296.95 | 23.756 | 342.74 | 27.4192 | 398 | 31.84 |
Vegetables (fresh, frozen, canned) | 80 | 295.37 | 23.63 | 314.29 | 25.14 | 316.92 | 25.35 |
Mushrooms | 80 | 62.73 | 5.02 | 56.14 | 4.49 | 61.16 | 4.89 |
Cereals and bakery products | 50 | 438.94 | 21.95 | 422.26 | 21.11 | 439.69 | 21.98 |
Nuts and oilseeds | 40 | 137.39 | 5.49 | 147.52 | 5.90 | 183.63 | 7.35 |
Tea, coffee | 100 | 486.47 | 48.65 | 517.88 | 51.79 | 465.68 | 46.57 |
Poultry and poultry products | 100 | 150.24 | 15.02 | 173.57 | 17.36 | 161.22 | 16.12 |
Pork and pork products | 100 | 134.27 | 13.43 | 138.09 | 13.81 | 85.83 | 8.58 |
Beef and beef products | 100 | 51.03 | 5.10 | 54.22 | 5.42 | 52.97 | 5.29 |
Venison | 100 | 26.09 | 2.61 | 17.25 | 1,73 | 19,26 | 1,93 |
Offal (e.g., liver, kidney, tripe) | 100 | 36.24 | 3.62 | 33.15 | 3.32 | 16.92 | 1.69 |
Sea fish and products | 150 | 44.87 | 6.73 | 34.35 | 5.15 | 44.47 | 6.67 |
Freshwater fish and fish products | 150 | 55.28 | 8.29 | 51.23 | 7.68 | 130.96 | 19.64 |
Milk | 200 | 242.73 | 48.55 | 251.33 | 50.27 | 321.04 | 64.21 |
Dairy products (e.g., cheese, yoghurt, sour cream) | 75 | 268.39 | 20.13 | 295.07 | 22.13 | 343.24 | 25.74 |
Butter, margarine | 10 | 246.29 | 2.46 | 264.74 | 2.65 | 298.28 | 2.98 |
Oils and fats | 10 | 19.86 | 1.92 | 203.42 | 2.03 | 234.31 | 2.34 |
Egg | 130 | 170.85 | 22.21 | 171.06 | 22.24 | 198.09 | 25.75 |
Honey | 20 | 140.95 | 2.82 | 152.31 | 3.05 | 159.07 | 3.18 |
Chocolate and cocoa products | 25 | 165.26 | 4.13 | 146.18 | 3.65 | 184.61 | 4.62 |
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 4 | |
---|---|---|---|
Estimated Dietary Intake of DDT (mg/day) | 0.00189 | 0.000224 | 0.000254 |
Hazard Quotient of DDT | 0.189 | 0.02244 | 0.02544 |
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Kasza, G.; Izsó, T.; Csenki, E.Z.; Micsinai, A.; Nyirő-Fekete, B.; Urbányi, B.; Alpár, B. Assessment of Dietary Exposure and Risk of DDT Concerning Freshwater Fish Aquaculture. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 9083. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249083
Kasza G, Izsó T, Csenki EZ, Micsinai A, Nyirő-Fekete B, Urbányi B, Alpár B. Assessment of Dietary Exposure and Risk of DDT Concerning Freshwater Fish Aquaculture. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(24):9083. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249083
Chicago/Turabian StyleKasza, Gyula, Tekla Izsó, Eszter Zita Csenki, Adrienn Micsinai, Brigitta Nyirő-Fekete, Béla Urbányi, and Boglárka Alpár. 2020. "Assessment of Dietary Exposure and Risk of DDT Concerning Freshwater Fish Aquaculture" Applied Sciences 10, no. 24: 9083. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249083
APA StyleKasza, G., Izsó, T., Csenki, E. Z., Micsinai, A., Nyirő-Fekete, B., Urbányi, B., & Alpár, B. (2020). Assessment of Dietary Exposure and Risk of DDT Concerning Freshwater Fish Aquaculture. Applied Sciences, 10(24), 9083. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249083