Observation of Potential Contaminants in Processed Biomass Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Isolation of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin
2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Major Components of Biomass
3.2. Commonly Used Pretreatment and Preprocessing Solvents
3.3. Acids and Alkalis
3.4. Ionic Liquids
3.5. Enzymes
3.6. Biomass-Derived Chemicals
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wavenumber [cm−1] | Assignment | Components | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3367 | O-H stretching | Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin |
2 | 2914 | C-H stretching | Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin |
3 | 1745 | C=O stretching | Hemicellulose, Lignin |
4 | 1618 | Aromatic skeletal vibration, C=O stretching, adsorbed O-H | Hemicellulose, Lignin |
5 | 1508 | C=C-C aromatic ring stretching and vibration | Lignin |
6 | 1457 | C-H deformation (in methyl and methylene) | Lignin |
7 | 1424 | Symmetric CH2 bending vibration, symmetric stretching band of carboxyl group, C-H deformation | Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin |
8 | 1370 | C-H bending, C-H stretching in CH3 | Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin |
9 | 1317 | CH2 wagging, C-O stretching of C5 substituted aromatic units | Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin |
10 | 1235 | C-O stretching of guaiacyl unit | Lignin |
11 | 1160 | C-O-C stretching | Cellulose, Hemicellulose |
12 | 1108 | Aromatic C-H in plane deformation | Lignin |
13 | 1053 | C-OH stretching vibration, C-O deformation | Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin |
14 | 1032 | C-O stretching, aromatic C-H in plane deformation | Cellulose, Lignin |
15 | 896 | C-O-C stretching | Cellulose, hemicellulose |
16 | 846 | Aromatic C-H out of plane bending | Lignin |
Contaminants | Wavenumber [cm−1] | Assignments |
---|---|---|
Water | 3354 | O-H stretching |
1653 | O-H-O scissors bending | |
Acetone | 3005 | CH3 stretching |
2908 | CH3 stretching | |
1713 | C=O stretching | |
1431 | CH3 deforming | |
1364 | CH3 deforming | |
1222 | C-C stretching | |
Ethanol | 3350 | O-H stretching |
2980 | C-H stretching | |
1056 | C-O stretching | |
Methanol | 3352 | O-H stretching |
2952 | C-H asymmetric stretching | |
2879 | C-H symmetric stretching | |
1465 | C-H asymmetric bending | |
1450 | C-H symmetric bending | |
1336 | O-H bending | |
1068 | CH3 rocking | |
1026 | C-O stretching | |
Tetrahydrofuran | 2977 | C-H stretching |
2875 | C-H stretching | |
1063 | Ring deformation | |
912 | CH2 twisting | |
Toluene | 3069 | C-H stretching |
1497 | C-C stretching | |
728 | C-H out of plane bending | |
Dioxane | 2960 | C-H stretching |
2890 | C-H stretching | |
1457 | Symmetric CH2 deformation | |
1322 | CH2 wagging | |
1255 | CH2 twisting | |
1119 | C-O-C symmetric stretching | |
1057 | Ring trigonal deformation | |
889 | C-C stretching | |
872 | C-O-C stretching | |
Glycerol | 3341 | O-H bending |
2948 | C-H stretching | |
2897 | C-H stretching | |
1333 | C-H deformation | |
1239 | C-H deformation | |
1034 | C-O stretching | |
923 | O-H bending | |
Chloroform | 1220 | C-H bending |
755 | CCl3 stretching | |
Pyridine | 3036 | C-H stretching |
1583 | C-C bonding | |
1485 | C-N stretching | |
1438 | C-H in plane wagging | |
1203 | Symmetric C-H wagging | |
1069 | C-H wagging | |
1032 | C-C in plane wagging | |
750/693 | C-H out of plane bending |
Contaminants | Wavenumber [cm−1] | Assignments |
---|---|---|
Sulfuric acid | 3370 | O-H stretching |
1660 | O-H-O scissors bending | |
1362 | S=O stretching | |
750 | S-O stretching | |
Hydrochloric acid | 3370 | O-H stretching |
2905 | H-Cl stretching | |
1660 | O-H-O scissors bending | |
Phosphoric acid | 3370 | O-H stretching |
2905 | P-OH bond | |
1660 | O-H-O scissors bending | |
1161 | P=O stretching | |
1031 | P=O stretching | |
Acetic acid | 3351 | O-H stretching |
2916 | Symmetric CH3 stretching | |
1706 | C=O stretching | |
1427 | CH3 deformation | |
1234 | O-H bending | |
1031 | CH3 rocking | |
Ammonium hydroxide | 3350 | N-H stretching & O-H stretching |
2914 | N-H stretching | |
1660 | O-H-O scissors bending |
Contaminants | Wavenumber [cm−1] | Assignments |
---|---|---|
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride | 3341 | Quaternary amine salt formation |
1658 | C=C stretching | |
1604 | C=N stretching | |
1-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride | 2961 | C-H stretching |
1574 | C-C stretching ring vibration | |
633 | C-N/C-Cl in-plane bending | |
ChCl-Urea | 3435 | NH2 asymmetric stretching |
3340 | NH2 symmetric stretching | |
1669 | NH2 bending vibration | |
1597 | OH bending vibration | |
1474 | CH3 rocking | |
1152 | C-N stretching | |
1062 | CH2 rocking | |
961 | Asymmetric stretching of COO | |
790 | C=O bonding | |
ChCl–PHA | 3180 | O-H stretching |
1681 | C=O stretching | |
1581 | Asymmetric stretching of COO | |
1282 | C-O stretching vibration | |
1082 | C-O stretching | |
953 | C-N stretching | |
861 | CH2 rocking vibrations | |
838 | Aromatic C-H out-of-plane bending | |
786 | C–C stretching | |
ChCl–PB | 3122 | The stretching vibration of the phenolic O-H |
1667 | The stretching vibration of carbonyl group | |
1272 | Methylene | |
1030 | C-H binding | |
ChCl-PCA | 3126 | Bending vibration of –NH2 |
1675 | C=O stretch of carboxylic acid | |
1606 | C=C stretching | |
1160 | C-OH stretching | |
848 | C-H stretching | |
771 | Stretching of the -OH group | |
Cellulase | 3353 | N-H stretching & O-H stretching |
2942 | C-H stretching (asymmetric) | |
2900 | C-H stretching (symmetric) | |
1642 | NH2 scissoring & C=N vibration | |
1334 | C-N stretching | |
1036 | C-N stretching | |
β-glucosidase | 3351 | N-H stretching |
1646 | N-H bonding & C=O stretching | |
1432 | N-H stretching | |
620 | N-H out of plane bending | |
HMF | 3364 | O-H stretching |
1661 | Carbonyl stretching | |
1561 | C=C stretching (furan ring) | |
Furfural | 3134 | C-H stretching |
2859 | C-H vibration of aldehyde group | |
1671 | C=O in conjugated carbonyl group | |
1465 | C=C stretching of furan ring | |
1276/1021 | C-O stretching vibration | |
928/884/755 | C-H bending out of plane peaks |
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Zhuang, J.; Li, M.; Pu, Y.; Ragauskas, A.J.; Yoo, C.G. Observation of Potential Contaminants in Processed Biomass Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4345. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124345
Zhuang J, Li M, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Yoo CG. Observation of Potential Contaminants in Processed Biomass Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(12):4345. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124345
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuang, Jingshun, Mi Li, Yunqiao Pu, Arthur Jonas Ragauskas, and Chang Geun Yoo. 2020. "Observation of Potential Contaminants in Processed Biomass Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy" Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4345. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124345