Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: Environmental Levels, Health Risks and Possible Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material and Reagents
2.2. Sampling of PM2.5 and Meteorological Conditions
2.3. Determination of PAHs: Analysis and Quality Controls
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PAHs Concentrations
3.2. Spatial and Seasonal Patterns
3.3. Health Risks
3.4. Sources of PAHs
3.4.1. Overall Identification
3.4.2. Evaluation of Diagnostic Ratios
3.4.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAHs | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
Acy | 0.47 | −0.63 | 0.41 |
Acn | −0.19 | 1.08 | −0.12 |
Flu | 0.28 | 0.87 | 0.24 |
Phe | 0.25 | −0.03 | 0.95 |
Ant | 0.86 | −0.34 | 0.23 |
Flt | 0.89 | 0.03 | 0.33 |
Pyr | 0.68 | 0.00 | 0.69 |
BaA | 0.96 | −0.05 | 0.24 |
Chry | 0.94 | −0.07 | 0.27 |
BbF | 0.95 | −0.07 | 0.22 |
BkF | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
BaP | 0.96 | −0.13 | 0.11 |
IcdP | 0.96 | −0.01 | 0.26 |
BghiP | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.43 |
Eigenvalue | 9.88 | 2.39 | 1.01 |
Variance cumulative (%) | 67.87 | 84.23 | 91.15 |
PAHs | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acy | 0.29 | 0.79 | −0.24 | −0.04 |
Ace | 0.02 | −0.13 | −0.09 | 0.99 |
Flu | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.98 | 0.20 |
Phe | −0.13 | 0.86 | 0.41 | −0.11 |
Ant | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.88 | −0.24 |
Flt | 0.86 | 0.39 | 0.23 | −0.11 |
Pyr | 0.47 | 0.77 | 0.39 | −0.09 |
BaA | 0.96 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Chry | 0.93 | 0.27 | 0.11 | −0.08 |
BbF | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.01 | −0.00 |
BkF | 0.97 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
BaP | 0.93 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
IcdP | 0.93 | 0.03 | −0.07 | −0.19 |
BghiP | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Eigenvalue | 7.92 | 2.90 | 1.28 | 1.13 |
Variance cumulative (%) | 54.03 | 73.80 | 82.56 | 90.26 |
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Murillo-Tovar, M.A.; Barradas-Gimate, A.; Arias-Montoya, M.I.; Saldarriaga-Noreña, H.A. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: Environmental Levels, Health Risks and Possible Sources. Environments 2018, 5, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5050062
Murillo-Tovar MA, Barradas-Gimate A, Arias-Montoya MI, Saldarriaga-Noreña HA. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: Environmental Levels, Health Risks and Possible Sources. Environments. 2018; 5(5):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5050062
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurillo-Tovar, Mario Alfonso, Adriana Barradas-Gimate, Mónica Ivonne Arias-Montoya, and Hugo Albeiro Saldarriaga-Noreña. 2018. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: Environmental Levels, Health Risks and Possible Sources" Environments 5, no. 5: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5050062