Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Water Quality in Drought Prone Areas of Pune and Satara Districts of Maharashtra, India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Sites
2.2. Classification of Sampling Sites
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Physical and Chemical Analysis of Water
2.5. Water Analysis for Bacteriology
2.6. Bacteriological Data Analysis
2.7. Calculation of Modified Water Quality Index (WQI)
2.8. Calculation of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Annual Rainfall and Classification of Sampling Sites
3.2. Assessment of Water Quality Based on Modified WQI and Bacteriology
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Village | Block | Historic Mean Rainfall in mm $ | Annual Rainfall 2013 in mm | Sampling Sites | Sampling Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Rainfall Zone | |||||
Nangaon | Daund | 356 | 574 | River Bhima | P1 |
Bore well-1 | P2 | ||||
Bore well-2 | P3 | ||||
Open well | P4 | ||||
Malthan | Shirur | 367 | X | Open well | P5 |
Borewell | P6 | ||||
Kolvihire | Purandar | 321 | X | Open well-1 | P14 |
Open well-2 | P15 | ||||
Open well-3 | P16 | ||||
Pondhe | Purandar | 453 | X | Open well | P17 |
Kalthan | Indapur | 427 | 503 | Open well | P19 |
Ujani dam Backwaters | P20 | ||||
Bore well | P21 | ||||
Khamgaon- Tek | Haveli | 635 | 658 | Bore well | P22 |
River MulaMutha | P23 | ||||
Bore well | P24 | ||||
Tulapur | Haveli | 635 | 658 | River Indrayani | P25 |
Borewell | P26 | ||||
Barad | Phaltan | 353 | 620 | Open well | S1 |
Bore well | S2 | ||||
Open well | S3 | ||||
Balupatlachiwadi | Pargaon-Khandala | 375 | X | Bore well | S4 |
Open well | S5 | ||||
River Nira | S6 | ||||
Deur | Koregaon | 575 | 712 | Bore well | S7 |
Open well | S8 | ||||
Mahuli | Satara | 782 | X | River Venna | S9 |
Open well | S10 | ||||
Shirwal | Pargaon-Khandala | 375 | 654 | Open well | S11 |
Veer Dam backwaters | S12 | ||||
Nadwal | Dahiwadi | 225 | X | Yeralawadi lake | S18 |
Open well-1 | S17 | ||||
Open well-2 | S19 | ||||
Bore well | S16 | ||||
Wadjal | Mann | 225 | X | Open well | S20 |
Kodoli | Karad | 557 | 588 | Bore well | S22 |
River Krishna | S21 | ||||
High Rainfall Zone | |||||
Akole | Mulshi | 1525 | 2094 | River Mula | P7 |
Community tap | P8 | ||||
Nane | Maval | 4364 | X | Open well | P9 |
River Indrayani | P10 | ||||
Utroli | Bhor | 988 | 1611 | Open well | P11 |
River Nira | P12 | ||||
Annual stream | P13 | ||||
Bhose | Maha-baleshwar | 5405 | 6350 | Bore well | S13 |
Open well | S14 | ||||
Annual spring | S15 | ||||
Malharpeth | Patan | 1509 | 1714 | Hand pump | S23 |
River Koyna | S24 |
Measured Values | Index Value (Q) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH Towards Alkaline Range | pH Towards Acidic Range | Turbidity (NTU) | Salinity(ppt) | Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) | Total Suspended Solids (ppm) | Total Phosphorus (ppm) | Ammonia (ppm) | Calcium (ppm) | Nitrate (ppm) | |
7.50–7.70 | 7.50–7.30 | 0–2 | 0.0–0.3 | >10.8 | 0.0–5.1 | 0.0–8.0 | 0.0–0.3 | 0.0–15.0 | 0.0–9.0 | 1 |
7.70–7.90 | 7.30–7.10 | 2–4 | 0.3–0.6 | 9.6–10.8 | 5.1–10.2 | 8.0–16.0 | 0.3–0.6 | 15.0–30.0 | 9.0–18.0 | 2 |
7.90–8.10 | 7.10–6.90 | 4–6 | 0.6–0.8 | 8.4–9.6 | 10.2–15.3 | 16.0–24.0 | 0.6–0.9 | 30.0–45.0 | 18.0–27.0 | 3 |
8.10–8.30 | 6.90–6.70 | 6–8 | 0.8–1.1 | 7.2–8.4 | 15.3–20.4 | 24.0–32.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 45.0–60.0 | 27.0–36.0 | 4 |
8.30–8.50 | 6.70–6.50 | 8–10 | 1.1–1.4 | 6.0–7.2 | 20.4–25.5 | 32.0–40.0 | 1.2–1.5 | 60.0–75.0 | 36.0–45.0 | 5 |
8.50–8.70 | 6.50–6.30 | 10–12 | 1.4–1.7 | 4.8–6.0 | 25.5–30.6 | 40.0–48.0 | 1.5–1.8 | 75.0–90.0 | 45.0–54.0 | 6 |
8.70–8.90 | 6.30–6.10 | 12–14 | 1.7–2.0 | 3.6–4.8 | 30.6–35.7 | 48.0–56.0 | 1.8–2.1 | 90.0–105.0 | 54.0–63.0 | 7 |
8.90–9.10 | 6.10–5.90 | 14–16 | 2.0–2.3 | 2.4–3.6 | 35.7–40.8 | 56.0–64.0 | 2.1–2.4 | 105.0–120.0 | 63.0–72.0 | 8 |
9.10–9.30 | 5.90–5.70 | 16–18 | 2.3–2.5 | 1.2–2.4 | 40.8–45.9 | 64.0–70.0 | 2.4–2.7 | 120.0–135.0 | 72.0–81.0 | 9 |
9.30–9.50 | 5.70–5.50 | 18–20 | 2.5–2.8 | 0.0–1.2 | 45.9–51.0 | 70.0–80.0 | 2.7–3.0 | 135.0–150.0 | 81.0–90.0 | 10 |
Parameter | Weight Assigned Based on Its Influence on Quality of Water for Surface Water | Weight Assigned Based on Its Influence on Quality of Water for Open Wells | Weight Assigned Based on Its Influence on Quality of Water for Bore Wells |
---|---|---|---|
Turbidity | 2 | 1 | 1 |
pH | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Salinity | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Dissolved Oxygen | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Total Suspended Solids | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Total Dissolved Solids | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Ammonia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Nitrate | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Calcium | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Sum weight | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Range | Rainfall Zone (No. of Samples) | Classification | No. of Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Onset of Monsoon | End of Monsoon | Post-Monsoon | Pre-Monsoon | |||
0–1 | Low rainfall zone (n = 9) | Excellent | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
1–2 | Acceptable | 4 | 5 | 9 | 5 | |
2–4 | Slightly polluted | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | |
4–8 | Polluted | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
8–16 | Heavily polluted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
0–1 | High rainfall zone (n = 4) | Excellent | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1–2 | Acceptable | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
2–4 | Slightly polluted | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
4–8 | Polluted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
8–16 | Heavily polluted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Village | Site Code | Seasonal WQI Values | Seasonal OIP Values | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | ||
Low rainfall zone | |||||||||
Nangaon | P1 | 4.61 | 6.26 | 2.76 | 5.19 | 1.73 | 1.56 | 1.10 | 1.74 |
Kalthan | P20 | 4.56 | 3.06 | 2.60 | 5.57 | 4.36 | 0.79 | 1.81 | 3.66 |
Khamgaontek | P23 | 2.72 | 4.95 | 2.96 | 5.48 | 4.22 | 1.90 | 1.32 | 1.85 |
Tulapur | P25 | 3.75 | 3.03 | 2.03 | 3.67 | 1.71 | 2.16 | 1.25 | 1.48 |
Balupatlachiwadi | S6 | 4.73 | 2.19 | 2.14 | 4.41 | 4.60 | 1.60 | 1.39 | 1.99 |
Mahuli | S9 | 4.60 | 1.14 | 3.41 | 3.38 | 1.23 | 3.72 | 1.05 | 0.91 |
Shirwal | S12 | 2.53 | 2.99 | 1.69 | 3.11 | 1.63 | 1.35 | 1.22 | 0.77 |
Nadwal | S18 | 5.64 | 3.59 | 1.87 | 3.62 | 2.29 | 1.54 | 1.12 | 2.04 |
Kodoli | S21 | 5.43 | 3.81 | 2.71 | 3.85 | 5.73 | 1.62 | 1.41 | 1.43 |
High rainfall zone | |||||||||
Aakole | P7 | 4.14 | 4.64 | 1.81 | 2.05 | 2.05 | 2.06 | 1.43 | 1.32 |
Nane | P10 | 4.50 | 2.55 | 1.85 | 2.43 | 2.43 | 1.69 | 1.19 | 1.50 |
Uttroli | P12 | 1.70 | 1.64 | 0.56 | 1.65 | 1.65 | 3.67 | 0.85 | 1.49 |
Malharpeth | S24 | 3.62 | 2.48 | 2.25 | 2.78 | 2.78 | 1.67 | 1.94 | 1.94 |
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Dhawde, R.; Surve, N.; Macaden, R.; Wennberg, A.C.; Seifert-Dähnn, I.; Ghadge, A.; Birdi, T. Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Water Quality in Drought Prone Areas of Pune and Satara Districts of Maharashtra, India. Environments 2018, 5, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5050061
Dhawde R, Surve N, Macaden R, Wennberg AC, Seifert-Dähnn I, Ghadge A, Birdi T. Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Water Quality in Drought Prone Areas of Pune and Satara Districts of Maharashtra, India. Environments. 2018; 5(5):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5050061
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhawde, Rutuja, Nuzhat Surve, Ragini Macaden, Aina Charlotte Wennberg, Isabel Seifert-Dähnn, Appasaheb Ghadge, and Tannaz Birdi. 2018. "Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Water Quality in Drought Prone Areas of Pune and Satara Districts of Maharashtra, India" Environments 5, no. 5: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5050061