Parental Stress and Mental Health Outcomes Following the October 7th Events: Insights from Israeli Families of Children with Special Needs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Adult Attachment Patterns and Reaction to Stressful Events
1.3. Adult Attachment Patterns and Parental Stress
1.4. Mediating Factors Linking Attachment Patterns and Parental Stress and Mental Health
1.4.1. Parental Sense of Competence
1.4.2. Perceived Social Support
1.4.3. Intolerance of Uncertainty
1.4.4. Meaning in Life
1.5. The Current Study: Overview and Hypotheses
Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Questionnaires
2.2.1. Background and Demographics
2.2.2. The Predictors
2.2.3. Mediators
2.2.4. The Outcome Variables
2.3. Ethics Statement
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Background and Sociodemographic Variables
3.2. Comparing Responses of Parents of Children with (n = 540) and Without (n = 1557) Special Needs on the Study Main Variables
3.3. Multivariate Analyses
3.3.1. The Total Effect
3.3.2. The Direct Indirect Effect
3.4. Summary of Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Sample (N = 2097) | Parents of Children with Special Needs (n = 540) | Parents of Children Without Special Needs (n = 1557) | Statistic |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | χ2[df=1] = 0.22, ns | |||
Men | 48% | 48.9% | 47.7% | |
Women | 52% | 51.1% | 52.3% | |
Age | 37.96 (7.54) | 40.66 (6.12) | 37.03 (7.76) | t[df=2095] = −9.87, p < 0.001 |
Number of children | 3.54 (1.29) | 4.02 (1.34) | 3.37 (1.24) | t[df=2095] = −10.27, p < 0.001 |
Right-wing Political Stance | 5.22 (1.47) | 5.17 (1.48) | 5.24 (1.47) | t[df=2095] = 0.84, ns |
Cumulative Exposure | 2.21 (1.09) | 2.26 (1.05) | 2.19 (1.10) | t[df=2095] = −1.34, ns |
Employment Status | ||||
Full time | 75.3% | 76.7% | 74.8% | χ2[df=9] = 9.26, ns |
Part time | 12.6% | 13.0% | 12.5% | |
On leave | 1.0% | 0.7% | 1.1% | |
Temporarily laid off | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.6% | |
Unemployed and looking for work | 2.2% | 2.8% | 2.1% | |
Unemployed health-related reason | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.8% | |
Going to school | 5.3% | 3.7% | 5.8% | |
Home maker | 1.5% | 1.1% | 1.7% | |
Retired | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1% | |
Disability payments | 0.7% | 1.1% | 0.6% | |
Religiosity | χ2[df=4] = 5.15, ns | |||
Atheist | 5.6% | 5.0% | 5.8% | |
Secular | 41.4% | 39.8% | 42.0% | |
Traditional | 19.0% | 21.9% | 18.0% | |
Religious | 15.1% | 15.9% | 14.8% | |
Ultra-Orthodox | 18.9% | 17.4% | 19.4% | |
Marital Status | χ2[df=7] = 25.11, p < 0.001 | |||
Single | 2.6% | 2.8% | 2.6% | |
Casually dating | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1% | |
Seriously dating | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.8% | |
Cohabiting | 3.6% | 2.8% | 3.9% | |
Married | 85.9% | 82.8% | 87.0% | |
Separated | 0.8% | 1.3% | 0.6% | |
Divorced | 6.3% | 10.2% | 5.0% | |
Widowed | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | |
Education | χ2[df=4] = 2.42, ns | |||
Elementary education | 15.7% | 14.4% | 16.1% | |
Secondary education | 20.0% | 20.6% | 19.8% | |
Non-academic post-secondary education | 40.7% | 40.7% | 40.7% | |
Bachelor’s degree | 21.5% | 21.5% | 21.5% | |
Master’s degree or higher | 2.1% | 2.8% | 1.9% | |
Monthly gross household income | χ2[df=4] = 2.64, ns | |||
Below 5000 NIS | 6.2% | 6.5% | 6.1% | |
5000–10,000 NIS | 27.7% | 25.6% | 28.5% | |
10,000–15,000 NIS | 37.1% | 36.7% | 37.2% | |
15,000–20,000 NIS | 19.8% | 21.5% | 19.2% | |
Above 20,000 NIS | 9.3% | 9.8% | 9.1% | |
Place of Residence | χ2[df=4] = 1.59, ns | |||
Northen | 22.3% | 23.5% | 21.9% | |
Central | 39.3% | 38.0% | 39.8% | |
Coastal Plain | 9.8% | 10.6% | 9.5% | |
Jerusalem Region | 16.0% | 15.2% | 16.3% | |
Southern | 12.6% | 12.8% | 12.5% |
Variables | Parents of Children with Special Needs (n = 540) | Parents of Children Without Special Needs (n = 1557) | t[df=2095] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
1. Attachment Anxiety | 3.06 | 1.30 | 2.91 | 1.20 | −2.47 * |
2. Attachment Avoidance | 2.65 | 1.19 | 2.46 | 1.12 | −3.35 *** |
3. Parental Sense of Competence | 4.64 | 0.86 | 4.84 | 0.81 | 4.95 *** |
4. Perceived Social Support | 5.34 | 1.32 | 5.50 | 1.22 | 2.62 ** |
5. Intolerance of Uncertainty | 4.19 | 1.23 | 4.07 | 1.21 | −2.04 * |
6. Meaning in Life | 5.13 | 1.41 | 5.16 | 1.33 | 0.49 |
7. Parental Stress | 3.04 | 0.86 | 2.83 | 0.79 | −5.29 *** |
8. Mental Health | 3.64 | 1.36 | 3.86 | 1.34 | 3.25 *** |
The Entire Sample (N = 2097) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Attachment Anxiety | - | |||||||
2. Attachment Avoidance | 0.35 *** | - | ||||||
3. Parental Sense of Competence | −0.43 *** | −0.41 *** | - | |||||
4. Perceived Social Support | −0.33 *** | −0.56 *** | 0.41 *** | - | ||||
5. Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.39 *** | 0.17 *** | −0.38 *** | −0.17 *** | - | |||
6. Meaning in Life | −0.27 *** | −0.37 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.45 *** | −0.18 *** | - | ||
7. Parental Stress | 0.44 *** | 0.39 *** | −0.76 *** | −0.41 *** | 0.39 *** | −0.47 *** | - | |
8. Mental Health | −0.26 *** | −0.17 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.20 *** | −0.33 *** | 0.35 *** | −0.34 *** | - |
For Each Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
1. Attachment Anxiety | - | 0.27 *** | −0.39 *** | −0.23 *** | 0.38 *** | −0.26 *** | 0.38 *** | −0.26 *** |
2. Attachment Avoidance | 0.38 *** | - | −0.33 *** | −0.54 *** | 0.18 *** | −0.33 *** | 0.32 *** | −0.15 *** |
3. Parental Sense of Competence | −0.44 *** | −0.43 *** | - | 0.40 *** | −0.36 *** | 0.50 *** | −0.77 *** | 0.43 *** |
4. Perceived Social Support | −0.36 *** | −0.57 *** | 0.41 *** | - | −0.14 *** | 0.50 *** | −0.39 *** | 0.17 *** |
5. Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.39 *** | 0.17 *** | −0.39 *** | −0.18 *** | - | −0.17 *** | 0.40 *** | −0.32 *** |
6. Meaning in Life | −0.27 *** | −0.39 *** | 0.48 *** | 0.43 *** | −0.18 *** | - | −0.47 *** | 0.31 *** |
7. Parental Stress | 0.46 *** | 0.42 *** | −0.75 *** | −0.42 *** | 0.38 *** | −0.47 *** | - | −0.39 *** |
8. Mental Health | −0.26 *** | −0.17 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.20 *** | −0.33 *** | 0.36 *** | −0.31 *** | - |
Total Effect | Estimates | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized Path Coefficients | SE | t | p< | |
Sample as a whole (N = 2097) | ||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress | 0.35 | 0.01 | 17.37 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health | −0.23 | 0.03 | −10.02 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress | 0.27 | 0.01 | 13.62 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health | −0.09 | 0.03 | −4.14 | 0.0001 |
Parent of child without special needs (n = 1557) | ||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress | 0.36 | 0.02 | 15.36 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health | −0.22 | 0.03 | −8.37 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress | 0.28 | 0.02 | 12.25 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health | −0.09 | 0.03 | −3.37 | 0.0001 |
Parents of child with special needs (n = 540) | ||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress | 0.32 | 0.03 | 8.05 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health | −0.23 | 0.05 | −5.35 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress | 0.23 | 0.03 | 5.77 | 0.0001 |
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health | −0.09 | 0.05 | −2.11 | 0.03 |
Effect | Estimates | Bootstrap | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% PC Confidence Interval | ||||||||||
Standardized Path Coefficients | SE | t | p< | SE | Bias | SE-Bias | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | p | |
Associations with Mediators | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Sense of Competence | −0.33 | 0.013 | −16.43 | 0.0001 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.249 | −0.193 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Perceived Social Support | −0.15 | 0.019 | −7.67 | 0.0001 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.194 | −0.102 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.37 | 0.021 | 17.28 | 0.0001 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.320 | 0.415 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Meaning in Life | −0.16 | 0.024 | −7.29 | 0.0001 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.224 | −0.119 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Sense of Competence | −0.29 | 0.015 | −14.58 | 0.0001 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.244 | −0.181 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Perceived Social Support | −0.51 | 0.021 | −26.94 | 0.0001 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.610 | −0.510 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.04 | 0.023 | 2.006 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.001 | 0.000 | −0.003 | 0.095 | 0.061 |
Attachment Avoidance → Meaning in Life | −0.32 | 0.025 | −14.73 | 0.0001 | 0.029 | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.430 | −0.318 | 0.000 |
Associations with Outcome | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress (Direct) | 0.09 | 0.011 | 5.767 | 0.0001 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health (Direct) | −0.05 | 0.025 | −2.167 | 0.03 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.104 | −0.005 | 0.028 |
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress (Direct) | 0.03 | 0.012 | 1.866 | 0.06 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.003 | 0.049 | 0.083 |
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health (Direct) | 0.04 | 0.029 | 1.583 | 0.11 | 0.031 | 0.001 | 0.000 | −0.015 | 0.107 | 0.14 |
Parental Sense of Competence → Parental Stress | −0.60 | 0.017 | −33.946 | 0.0001 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.627 | −0.553 | 0.000 |
Perceived Social Support → Parental Stress | −0.06 | 0.011 | −3.452 | 0.0001 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.063 | −0.016 | 0.002 |
Intolerance of Uncertainty → Parental Stress | 0.09 | 0.010 | 6.07 | 0.0001 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.084 | 0.000 |
Meaning in Life → Parental Stress | −0.10 | 0.010 | −6.052 | 0.0001 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.081 | −0.039 | 0.000 |
Parental Sense of Competence → Mental Health | 0.22 | 0.041 | 8.638 | 0.001 | 0.046 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.261 | 0.437 | 0.000 |
Perceived Social Support → Mental Health | −0.16 | 0.027 | −0.634 | 0.526 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.071 | 0.037 | 0.554 |
Intolerance of Uncertainty → Mental Health | −0.20 | 0.024 | −9.189 | 0.0001 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.271 | −0.167 | 0.000 |
Meaning in Life → Mental Health | 0.22 | 0.023 | 9.279 | 0.0001 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.166 | 0.263 | 0.000 |
Indirect effect | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress | 0.26 | 0.016 | 0.147 | 0.192 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health | −0.18 | 0.015 | −0.226 | −0.161 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress | 0.24 | 0.017 | 0.148 | 0.199 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health | −0.13 | 0.017 | −0.195 | −0.116 | 0.000 |
Effect | Estimates | Bootstrap | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% PC Confidence Interval | ||||||||||
Standardized Path Coefficients | SE | t | p< | SE | Bias | SE-Bias | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | p | |
Associations with Mediators | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Sense of Competence | −0.33 | 0.016 | −14.10 | 0.0001 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.252 | −0.188 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Perceived Social Support | −0.17 | 0.022 | −7.713 | 0.0001 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.226 | −0.119 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.38 | 0.025 | 15.025 | 0.0001 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.325 | 0.439 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Meaning in Life | −0.14 | 0.028 | −5.699 | 0.0001 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.216 | −0.098 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Sense of Competence | −0.31 | 0.017 | −13.17 | 0.0001 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.257 | −0.186 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Perceived Social Support | −0.51 | 0.024 | −22.91 | 0.0001 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.610 | −0.492 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.02 | 0.027 | 0.903 | 0.367 | 0.030 | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.034 | 0.083 | 0.427 |
Attachment Avoidance → Meaning in Life | −0.33 | 0.030 | −13.21 | 0.0001 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.457 | −0.329 | 0.000 |
Associations with Outcome | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress (Direct) | 0.11 | 0.013 | 5.768 | 0.0001 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.100 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health (Direct) | −0.05 | 0.030 | −1.86 | 0.06 | 0.030 | 0.001 | 0.000 | −0.113 | 0.006 | 0.076 |
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress (Direct) | 0.04 | 0.014 | 1.90 | 0.06 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.002 | 0.057 | 0.071 |
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health (Direct) | 0.05 | 0.034 | 1.81 | 0.07 | 0.039 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.016 | 0.137 | 0.113 |
Parental Sense of Competence → Parental Stress | −0.58 | 0.020 | −27.83 | 0.0001 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.608 | −0.520 | 0.000 |
Perceived Social Support → Parental Stress | −0.06 | 0.013 | −2.961 | 0.003 | 0.014 | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.068 | −0.012 | 0.005 |
Intolerance of Uncertainty → Parental Stress | 0.08 | 0.012 | 4.552 | 0.0001 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.080 | 0.000 |
Meaning in Life → Parental Stress | −0.11 | 0.011 | −5.718 | 0.0001 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.088 | −0.041 | 0.000 |
Parental Sense of Competence → Mental Health | 0.18 | 0.048 | 6.043 | 0.0001 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.189 | 0.399 | 0.000 |
Perceived Social Support → Mental Health | 0.00 | 0.032 | 0.057 | 0.96 | 0.033 | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.066 | 0.066 | 0.972 |
Intolerance of Uncertainty → Mental Health | −0.21 | 0.028 | −8.190 | 0.0001 | 0.031 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.287 | −0.165 | 0.000 |
Meaning in Life → Mental Health | 0.25 | 0.027 | 9.214 | 0.0001 | 0.028 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.194 | 0.304 | 0.000 |
Indirect effect | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress | 0.21 | 0.018 | 0.137 | 0.186 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health | −0.21 | 0.018 | −0.230 | −0.152 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress | 0.21 | 0.020 | 0.145 | 0.203 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health | −0.18 | 0.021 | −0.219 | −0.120 | 0.000 |
Effect | Estimates | Bootstrap | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% PC Confidence Interval | ||||||||||
Standardized Path Coefficients | SE | t | p< | SE | Bias | SE-Bias | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | p | |
Associations with Mediators | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Sense of Competence | −0.32 | 0.026 | −8.140 | 0.0001 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.272 | −0.156 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Perceived Social Support | −0.09 | 0.038 | −2.345 | 0.02 | 0.050 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.188 | 0.10 | 0.076 |
Attachment Anxiety → Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.35 | 0.039 | 8.588 | 0.0001 | 0.046 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.246 | 0.428 | 0.000 |
Attachment Anxiety → Meaning in Life | −0.19 | 0.045 | −4.490 | 0.0001 | 0.053 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.306 | −0.097 | 0.001 |
Attachment Avoidance → Sense of Competence | −0.25 | 0.029 | −6.163 | 0.0001 | 0.031 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.236 | −0.115 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Perceived Social Support | −0.52 | 0.042 | −13.73 | 0.0001 | 0.051 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.671 | −0.472 | 0.000 |
Attachment Avoidance → Intolerance of Uncertainty | 0.09 | 0.043 | 2.080 | 0.04 | 0.047 | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.006 | 0.177 | 0.067 |
Attachment Avoidance → Meaning in Life | −0.28 | 0.049 | −6.837 | 0.0001 | 0.059 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.453 | −0.221 | 0.000 |
Associations with Outcome | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress (Direct) | 0.052 | 0.020 | 1.722 | 0.085 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.005 | 0.075 | 0.092 |
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health (Direct) | −0.05 | 0.045 | −1.099 | 0.272 | 0.047 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.143 | 0.043 | 0.290 |
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress (Direct) | 0.01 | 0.023 | 0.383 | 0.702 | 0.025 | 0.001 | 0.000 | −0.039 | 0.059 | 0.691 |
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health (Direct) | 0.01 | 0.052 | 0.216 | 0.829 | 0.056 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.099 | 0.119 | 0.829 |
Parental Sense of Competence → Parental Stress | −0.63 | 0.034 | −18.714 | 0.0001 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.705 | −0.566 | 0.000 |
Perceived Social Support → Parental Stress | −0.06 | 0.023 | −1.602 | 0.11 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.080 | 0.011 | 0.129 |
Intolerance of Uncertainty → Parental Stress | 0.13 | 0.021 | 4.240 | 0.0001 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.132 | 0.000 |
Meaning in Life → Parental Stress | −0.09 | 0.020 | −2.600 | 0.01 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.099 | −0.009 | 0.017 |
Parental Sense of Competence → Mental Health | 0.31 | 0.076 | 6.346 | 0.0001 | 0.084 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.316 | 0.651 | 0.000 |
Perceived Social Support → Mental Health | −0.06 | 0.051 | −1.159 | 0.246 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.160 | 0.038 | 0.234 |
Intolerance of Uncertainty → Mental Health | −0.18 | 0.047 | −4.184 | 0.0001 | 0.052 | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.298 | −0.095 | 0.000 |
Meaning in Life → Mental Health | 0.14 | 0.045 | 3.023 | 0.005 | 0.049 | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.042 | 0.235 | 0.005 |
Indirect effect | ||||||||||
Attachment Anxiety → Parental Stress | 0.27 | 0.035 | 0.200 | 0.337 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Anxiety → Mental Health | −0.18 | 0.028 | −0.240 | −0.130 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Avoidance → Parental Stress | 0.22 | 0.035 | 0.150 | 0.287 | 0.000 | |||||
Attachment Avoidance → Mental Health | −0.10 | 0.030 | −0.160 | −0.044 | 0.000 |
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Alfasi, Y.; Maytles, R.; Besser, A. Parental Stress and Mental Health Outcomes Following the October 7th Events: Insights from Israeli Families of Children with Special Needs. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020148
Alfasi Y, Maytles R, Besser A. Parental Stress and Mental Health Outcomes Following the October 7th Events: Insights from Israeli Families of Children with Special Needs. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(2):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020148
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfasi, Yitshak, Ruth Maytles, and Avi Besser. 2025. "Parental Stress and Mental Health Outcomes Following the October 7th Events: Insights from Israeli Families of Children with Special Needs" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 2: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020148
APA StyleAlfasi, Y., Maytles, R., & Besser, A. (2025). Parental Stress and Mental Health Outcomes Following the October 7th Events: Insights from Israeli Families of Children with Special Needs. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020148