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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 2 (February 2025) – 82 articles

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37 pages, 3592 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Visual Elements of Packaging Design on Purchase Intention: Brand Experience as a Mediator in the Tea Bag Product Category
by Chang Liu, Mat Redhuan Samsudin and Yuwen Zou
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020181 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
While packaging design plays a vital role in experience-oriented markets, how multiple visual elements influence purchase intention through brand experience remains unclear. This study addresses this gap by employing innovative orthogonal experiments to examine the complex relationship between the visual elements of packaging [...] Read more.
While packaging design plays a vital role in experience-oriented markets, how multiple visual elements influence purchase intention through brand experience remains unclear. This study addresses this gap by employing innovative orthogonal experiments to examine the complex relationship between the visual elements of packaging design and purchase intention for low-involvement products, integrating both design and marketing perspectives. Through orthogonal experimental design, we developed 14 packaging prototypes as stimuli by systematically manipulating five visual elements (Colour, Graphics, Logo, Typography, and Layout). The framework and prototypes were validated through expert evaluation. Data were collected via a cross-sectional survey from 490 tea bag consumers and analysed using SPSS (version 29.0) for preliminary data processing and Mplus (version 8.3) for structural equation modelling. Our results reveal the direct effects of visual packaging elements on consumer purchase intention. Notably, Colour, Graphics, Logo, and Layout significantly influence purchase intention through brand experience mediation. Importantly, our multi-level analysis of visual elements unveils distinct patterns in how different design levels (e.g., colour harmony, graphic types) affect consumer responses. This study provides novel theoretical insights into how consumers make purchase decisions based on packaging design visual elements, addressing a significant gap in existing research. Unlike previous studies focusing on isolated design elements, our systematic classification and multi-level analysis offer both theoretical insights into packaging design mechanisms and practical guidelines for designers and practitioners. Full article
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20 pages, 2083 KiB  
Review
Associations of Grandparenting Dimensions/Styles with Mental Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Lifen Zhao, Maoye Tian, Zhiyou Wang and Dandan Hu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020180 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
In recent decades, grandparents’ increased involvement in child-rearing around the world has accelerated research on grandparenting. However, findings have remained inconsistent, and no reviews have examined how grandparenting dimensions and styles affect child and adolescent mental health. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, [...] Read more.
In recent decades, grandparents’ increased involvement in child-rearing around the world has accelerated research on grandparenting. However, findings have remained inconsistent, and no reviews have examined how grandparenting dimensions and styles affect child and adolescent mental health. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we synthesized evidence on the relationship between dimensions and styles of grandparenting and children’s and adolescents’ mental health. In nine databases, we identified 3197 studies on the relationship between dimensions and styles of grandparenting and children’s and adolescents’ mental health, 20 of which we ultimately reviewed. To better integrate the results, we performed a meta-analysis of studies addressing the same mental health outcomes (i.e., depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms). Moreover, to synthesize evidence from the studies, we conducted both random- and common-effects meta-analyses. The reviewed studies involved 11,434 children overall. Among our findings, the associations between positive dimensions and styles of grandparenting and children’s and adolescents’ depression and anxiety were moderately significant (depression: r = −0.33; anxiety: r = −0.12), as were the correlations between negative dimensions and styles and all three mental health outcomes (depression: r = 0.15; anxiety: r = 0.15; internalizing symptoms: r = 0.25). In general, positive dimensions and styles of grandparenting are negatively associated with mental health conditions, whereas negative ones are positively associated. In this article, we discuss those and other findings and propose directions for future studies. Full article
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25 pages, 1637 KiB  
Article
The Psychosocial Safety Climate’s Influence on Safety Behavior and Employee Engagement: Does Safety Leadership Really Count?
by Abdurrahman Khalifa Dera, Muri Wole Adedokun and Kolawole Iyiola
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020179 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 256
Abstract
The importance of safety behavior (SB) for workplace safety, especially in high-risk industries such as the construction sector, cannot be overstated. However, there exists limited research that has examined how the psychosocial safety climate (PSC) influences SB. This research examines the effect of [...] Read more.
The importance of safety behavior (SB) for workplace safety, especially in high-risk industries such as the construction sector, cannot be overstated. However, there exists limited research that has examined how the psychosocial safety climate (PSC) influences SB. This research examines the effect of the PSC on SB among Libyan construction workers. The mediating role of work engagement (WE) and the moderating role of safety leadership (SL) were also observed. We obtained 366 valid responses through a cross-sectional research design to verify the aforementioned relationships. The findings indicate that PSC has a positive influence on SB, PSC has a positive influence on WE, and WE has a positive influence on SB. The link between PSC and SB is partially mediated by WE. At a high level of safety leadership, the link between PSC and WE is further strengthened for construction firms whose employees perceive a high level of safety leadership. At a high level of safety leadership, the link between PSC and SB is further strengthened for construction firms whose employees perceive a high level of safety leadership. The findings underscore the importance of exploring the PSC’s influence on safety outcomes, such as safety behavior. It also underscores the importance of having organizational resources, such as PSC, improving employee engagement, and the crucial role of safety leadership in the construction context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Work Environment: Employee Well-Being and Job Satisfaction)
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21 pages, 2605 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Different Types of Moral Stories on Honest Behaviour in Children
by Mingyue Liang, Qianqian Wang and Yanyan Zhou
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020178 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 204
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the influence of different types of moral stories on the honest behaviour of children aged 7–11 using a field experiment. The research findings are as follows: 1. Compared to the control condition, moral stories with positive consequences of [...] Read more.
This study aimed to explore the influence of different types of moral stories on the honest behaviour of children aged 7–11 using a field experiment. The research findings are as follows: 1. Compared to the control condition, moral stories with positive consequences of honesty significantly promote honest behaviour in children and suppress their tendency to lie. 2. The impact of different types of moral stories on honest behaviour in children varies with age. Specifically, compared to the control condition, moral stories with positive consequences of honesty significantly promote the honest behaviour of children aged 7–10. 3. Moral stories with positive consequences of honesty significantly promote honest behaviour in children because they convey positive and encouraging messages to children that “speaking the truth leads to positive consequences”. This study suggests that teachers should utilize moral stories with positive consequences of honesty more frequently to enhance students’ honest behaviour, particularly for 7–10-year-old children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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15 pages, 1130 KiB  
Article
Good Behavior Game: Effects on Disruptive Behaviors of Students with and Without Special Educational Needs in Inclusive Setting
by Emrah Gulboy, Hicran Denizli-Gulboy and Salih Rakap
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020177 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a practical and evidence-based classroom management strategy that requires minimal time and resources to learn and implement. This study investigates the effectiveness of the GBG in reducing disruptive behaviors among students with special educational needs (SEN) and [...] Read more.
The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a practical and evidence-based classroom management strategy that requires minimal time and resources to learn and implement. This study investigates the effectiveness of the GBG in reducing disruptive behaviors among students with special educational needs (SEN) and compares the degree of behavioral change between students with and without SEN. Additionally, the study examines students’ perceptions of the GBG. An ABAB reversal design with a follow-up phase was employed to evaluate the intervention’s effects. The study included six participants: three students with SEN who exhibited disruptive behaviors, aged 11 to 14, and three students without SEN who also exhibited disruptive behaviors, aged 11 to 13. The results indicate that the GBG is highly effective in reducing disruptive behaviors, with similar levels of improvement observed in both groups. The social validity findings highlight that students found the GBG enjoyable and engaging. The study discusses its limitations and provides practical implications for educators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviors in Educational Settings—2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 2974 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Influencing Factors and Correlation Between Popularity and Emotion of Public Opinion During Disasters: Evidence from the “7.20” Rainstorm in China
by Anying Chen, Yixuan Liu, Yanlin Huang, Guofeng Su and Dinghuan Yuan
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020176 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 361
Abstract
Disasters not only directly cause casualties and property losses but also significantly impact public opinion. In order to identify the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of public opinion during disasters, this paper put forward an analytical framework for analyzing public opinion, which clarified [...] Read more.
Disasters not only directly cause casualties and property losses but also significantly impact public opinion. In order to identify the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of public opinion during disasters, this paper put forward an analytical framework for analyzing public opinion, which clarified the relationships among key characteristics of public opinion and emphasized the role of official agencies in the processes of information releasing and information feedback. Guided by this framework, this paper collected the public opinion on Sina Weibo during the extraordinary “7.20” rainstorm in Henan Province, China. By analyzing the changes in the discussion regarding both the popularity of and the emotion displayed in Sina Weibo comments over time, it was found that the evolution of public opinion was closely related to disaster development. Novel informational content or innovative forms of information contribute to enhancing the discussion of popularity, while the events or emotions expressed within the information elicit corresponding emotional responses from the public. As popularity increased, the prevalence of negative emotions was observed to diminish concurrently with a rise in the proportion of neutral emotions. Based on these results, some suggestions on the management of public opinion during disasters were put forward. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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12 pages, 1714 KiB  
Brief Report
Beauty Is Not Always a Perk: The Role of Attractiveness and Social Interest in Trust Decisions
by Junchen Shang and Yizhuo Zhang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020175 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 358
Abstract
This study examined the impact of males’ facial and vocal attractiveness, as well as social interest in females’ decision-making in a trust game. The results showed that trustees with attractive faces or expressing positive social interest were more likely to receive initial investments. [...] Read more.
This study examined the impact of males’ facial and vocal attractiveness, as well as social interest in females’ decision-making in a trust game. The results showed that trustees with attractive faces or expressing positive social interest were more likely to receive initial investments. Trustees with attractive voices also received more initial investments than unattractive ones in most conditions, except when they had attractive faces and positive interest. Moreover, participants reinvest in trustees with attractive faces or voices, even if they withheld repayment. However, trustees with positive interest would receive more reinvestment only when they reciprocated. In addition, trusters expressing positive social interest were expected to invest and earn repayment at higher rates. Nonetheless, trusters with attractive faces (or voices) were only expected to invest at higher rates when they had attractive voices (or faces) and negative interest. These findings suggest that beauty premium is modulated by participants’ roles, such that the effect of beauty would be stronger when participants encounter trustees rather than trusters. Positive social interest is a perk in most conditions, except when trustees withheld repayment. Full article
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13 pages, 647 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Career Education Participation on Academic Self-Efficacy: The Sequential Mediating Role of Career Adaptability and Learning Engagement
by Chunmin Pang, Ruiqin Xie, Nan Kang and Zhongfeng Hu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020174 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 420
Abstract
In order to clarify the mechanism of how career education impacts academic self-efficacy among Chinese senior high school students, data from 848 senior high school students in China (Mage = 16.88, SDage = 3.56) were obtained in this study. The [...] Read more.
In order to clarify the mechanism of how career education impacts academic self-efficacy among Chinese senior high school students, data from 848 senior high school students in China (Mage = 16.88, SDage = 3.56) were obtained in this study. The goal was to test the independent and sequential mediating effects of career adaptability and learning engagement in the relationship between career education participation and academic self-efficacy. This study revealed that participation in career education significantly enhances academic self-efficacy. Specifically, career adaptability and learning engagement act as sequential mediators in the relationship between career education participation and academic self-efficacy. This study reveals one potential mechanism of how career education participation in schools impacts adolescent academic self-efficacy; the insights presented here have significant implications for the design of educational interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue External Influences in Adolescents’ Career Development)
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22 pages, 1495 KiB  
Systematic Review
Psychiatric Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review
by Renata Tambelli, Sara Tosto and Francesca Favieri
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020173 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
The perinatal period, due to the many physical, psychological, and social changes in future mothers, may represent a critical phase with an increased risk for mental health. Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the main syndromes that affect around 17 percent of women [...] Read more.
The perinatal period, due to the many physical, psychological, and social changes in future mothers, may represent a critical phase with an increased risk for mental health. Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the main syndromes that affect around 17 percent of women after pregnancy and in the first months of motherhood. This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, aimed to identify the main pre-partum psychiatric risk factors that may influence the occurrence and diagnosis of PPD with a focus on the antenatal and clinical history of depression, bipolar disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and psychosis. From the search in main scientific databases (Web of Science, Pubmed, Psychinfo, and Scopus), 37 articles were included for the critical evaluation. The studies showed that antenatal depression and depressive episodes during pregnancy represent higher risk factors for PPD. Also, a clinical history of major depression, especially if associated with other risk factors (such as poor demographic or social conditions) increases the risk for PPD. From the systematic analysis emerged a paucity of studies considering the other psychiatric syndromes that should be overcome. PPD represents a multisystemic syndrome involving all the aspects of a mother’s life as well as affecting children’s development; for this reason, exploring the role of mental health risk factors for PPD onset, progression, and prognosis is relevant, from a clinical point of view, to find the best way to promote the mother’s psychological well-being from the antenatal period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trauma and Maternal Wellbeing)
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22 pages, 1580 KiB  
Article
After-School Behaviors, Self-Management, and Parental Involvement as Predictors of Academic Achievement in Adolescents
by Meng Xiao, Mingzhang Zuo, Xinqi Liu, Kunyu Wang and Heng Luo
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020172 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 418
Abstract
How adolescents’ after-school behaviors, self-management, and parental involvement are associated with their academic success and personal development has drawn growing attention. This study systematically examined how these three factors predict academic achievement. Data were collected from 353 seventh-grade students through a self-designed daily [...] Read more.
How adolescents’ after-school behaviors, self-management, and parental involvement are associated with their academic success and personal development has drawn growing attention. This study systematically examined how these three factors predict academic achievement. Data were collected from 353 seventh-grade students through a self-designed daily behavior log sheet and self-management app, and multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify key predictors. The results indicated that academic achievement was positively related to sleep quality, homework duration, self-assessment, and parental involvement, while it was negatively associated with sleep duration, exercise duration, and the number of daily planned tasks. Despite these insights, the study has limitations, including reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce bias, and the use of a cross-sectional design, which precludes determining the temporal sequence of variables and inferring causal relationships. These findings provide valuable insights for educators, parents, and students; they also emphasize the importance of organizing students’ after-school activities effectively, enhancing their self-management competencies, and encouraging active parental involvement in fostering students’ academic success and overall development. Full article
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15 pages, 634 KiB  
Article
Gen Z Tourism Employees’ Adaptive Performance During a Major Cultural Shift: The Impact of Leadership and Employee Voice Behavior
by Kleanthis K. Katsaros
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020171 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
Based on social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity, the current study proposes a mediation model to assess the role of employee voice behavior (promotive and prohibitive) on the relationship between leadership (i.e., transformational, inclusive, and adaptive) and Gen Z employees’ adaptive [...] Read more.
Based on social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity, the current study proposes a mediation model to assess the role of employee voice behavior (promotive and prohibitive) on the relationship between leadership (i.e., transformational, inclusive, and adaptive) and Gen Z employees’ adaptive performance (AP). Research data were obtained from 195 Gen Z employees and their supervisors from a group of luxury hotels located in Greece that had experienced a major cultural shift. The research model was examined using the structural equation modeling technique (SEM) with maximum likelihood estimation using the analysis of moment structures program (AMOS version 24). The research findings indicate that (a) all three leadership approaches positively influence Gen Z employees’ AP, (b) promotive voice behavior mediates the relationship between all leadership approaches and Gen Z employees’ AP, and (c) prohibitive voice behavior mediates the relationship between inclusive leadership and Gen Z employees’ AP. The results suggest that by implementing human-centered practices and procedures to positively influence Gen Z employees’ voice behavior, tourism leaders/managers can increase their AP. Full article
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12 pages, 339 KiB  
Review
Student Burnout: A Review on Factors Contributing to Burnout Across Different Student Populations
by Liang Zhe Chong, Lee Kien Foo and Sook-Ling Chua
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020170 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 638
Abstract
Burnout refers to a process of chronic response to stress in life. For students, burnout can be caused by the stress related to their study. There are many factors that contribute to burnout in different student populations. The objective of this paper is [...] Read more.
Burnout refers to a process of chronic response to stress in life. For students, burnout can be caused by the stress related to their study. There are many factors that contribute to burnout in different student populations. The objective of this paper is to review the studies that investigated the factors contributing to burnout in various student populations. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we selected 38 recent studies, published between 2019 and 2024. The findings of this review outline the study design, burnout questionnaire, factors investigated, and analysis methods employed in the literature. We further discuss the main factors contributing to student burnout and propose ways to mitigate this issue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Well-Being and Mental Health)
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17 pages, 594 KiB  
Article
Mitigating Ethnic Moral Disengagement: The Role of Inhibitory Control, Cognitive Reflection, and Growth-Oriented Personal Values from an Integrative Perspective
by Giuseppe Corbelli, Marinella Paciello, Carmela Sportelli, Paolo Giovanni Cicirelli and Francesca D’Errico
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020169 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 515
Abstract
Despite the consequences of ethnic moral disengagement, such as ethnic bullying, racism, and prejudice, a comprehensive understanding of how to effectively counter it remains an ongoing area of research. The present study proposes an association between ethnic moral disengagement and three individual dimensions: [...] Read more.
Despite the consequences of ethnic moral disengagement, such as ethnic bullying, racism, and prejudice, a comprehensive understanding of how to effectively counter it remains an ongoing area of research. The present study proposes an association between ethnic moral disengagement and three individual dimensions: the executive function of inhibitory control, a reflective cognitive style, and personal values that reflect growth-oriented motivations in contrast to self-defensive ones. By evaluating these dimensions respectively through a behavioral task, a cognitive measure, and a self-report instrument, the aim is to understand the role of basic behavioral capability, cognitive reflection, and growth-oriented values in reducing ethnic moral disengagement. The study, conducted on 413 participants (243 female, M = 19.60 years, SD = 1.46) using a structural equation modeling approach, found that while inhibitory control was not significantly linked to ethnic moral disengagement, reflective information processing and broader value horizons may constitute a key resource for opposing it. Overall, these results suggest that individuals who adopt such a reflective and growth-oriented mindset may elaborate differences and unfamiliar encounters as opportunities rather than as threats to be defended against by justifying themselves and externally displacing responsibility for their decisions and actions. Full article
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18 pages, 836 KiB  
Article
From Anxiety to Contentment: The Role of Multiple Mediations and Privacy Concerns in the Transition from the FOMO to the JOMO Among Dating App Users
by Yuanhao Li and EunKyoung Han
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020168 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 412
Abstract
This research explores the psychological transition that occurs in dating app users from the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) to the Joy of Missing Out (JOMO) using the Stressor–Strain–Outcome (SSO) model. An online survey of 410 Tinder users reveals that the FOMO significantly [...] Read more.
This research explores the psychological transition that occurs in dating app users from the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) to the Joy of Missing Out (JOMO) using the Stressor–Strain–Outcome (SSO) model. An online survey of 410 Tinder users reveals that the FOMO significantly influences self-disclosure and social media stalking behaviors, which leads to user fatigue and eventually the JOMO. This survey also finds that privacy concerns play a moderating role in this process. In particular, the results show that a heightened FOMO increases self-disclosure and social media stalking, which intensifies fatigue and fosters the JOMO. Privacy concerns significantly modulate the relationship between the FOMO, fatigue, and the JOMO, thus playing a critical role in user interactions with dating apps. These insights help elucidate the socio-psychological behaviors of dating app users and can inform app design to reduce fatigue and enhance user well-being. Full article
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14 pages, 675 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Career Adaptability Among University Students: The Roles of Grit and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy
by Min Xu, Haidong Lu, Jinlan Fu, Hairong Zhu and Yingfang Zhao
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020167 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 566
Abstract
Enhancing the career adaptability of university students is a practical necessity for addressing the challenge of student employment. This study explores the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and career adaptability among university students based on Basic Psychological Need Theory and Social Cognitive [...] Read more.
Enhancing the career adaptability of university students is a practical necessity for addressing the challenge of student employment. This study explores the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and career adaptability among university students based on Basic Psychological Need Theory and Social Cognitive Career Theory and constructs a corresponding chain mediation model. A survey was conducted among 635 university students from six provinces across China. The results indicate the following findings: (1) grit partially mediates the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and career adaptability among university students; (2) career decision-making self-efficacy also partially mediates this relationship; and (3) grit and career decision-making self-efficacy serve as chain mediators in the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and career adaptability. This study provides empirical support and significant guidance for enhancing the career adaptability development of university students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue External Influences in Adolescents’ Career Development)
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11 pages, 620 KiB  
Article
Effects of Explicit Knowledge and Attentional-Perceptual Processing on the Ability to Recognize Fear and Surprise
by Mylène Michaud, Annie Roy-Charland and Mélanie Perron
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020166 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 603
Abstract
When participants are asked to identify expressed emotions from pictures, fear is often confused with surprise. The present study explored this confusion by utilizing one prototype of surprise and three prototypes of fear varying as a function of distinctive cues in the fear [...] Read more.
When participants are asked to identify expressed emotions from pictures, fear is often confused with surprise. The present study explored this confusion by utilizing one prototype of surprise and three prototypes of fear varying as a function of distinctive cues in the fear prototype (cue in the eyebrows, in the mouth or both zones). Participants were presented with equal numbers of pictures expressing surprise and fear. Eye movements were monitored when they were deciding if the picture was fear or surprise. Following each trial, explicit knowledge was assessed by asking the importance (yes vs. no) of five regions (mouth, nose, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks) in recognizing the expression. Results revealed that fear with both distinctive cues was recognized more accurately, followed by the prototype of surprise and fear with a distinctive cue in the mouth at a similar level. Finally, fear with a distinctive cue in the eyebrows was the least accurately recognized. Explicit knowledge discriminability results revealed that participants were aware of the relevant areas for each prototype but not equally so for all prototypes. Specifically, participants judged the eyebrow area as more important when the distinctive cue was in the eyebrows (fear–eyebrow) than when the cue was in the mouth (fear–mouth) or when both cues were present (fear–both). Results are discussed considering the attentional-perceptual and explicit knowledge limitation hypothesis. Full article
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24 pages, 1414 KiB  
Article
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: The Impact of Need Satisfaction on Artificial Intelligence Literacy Mediated by Self-Regulated Learning Strategies
by Kai Wang, Wencheng Cui and Xue Yuan
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020165 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 664
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have profoundly influenced both professional environments and personal lives. In the rapidly developing sector of AI education, fostering essential AI literacy among university students has become vital. Nevertheless, the factors that determine AI literacy remain insufficiently defined. This research, [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have profoundly influenced both professional environments and personal lives. In the rapidly developing sector of AI education, fostering essential AI literacy among university students has become vital. Nevertheless, the factors that determine AI literacy remain insufficiently defined. This research, grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), seeks to investigate the relationships among three components: the fulfillment of university students’ three psychological needs, self-regulated learning strategies (SRLSs), and AI literacy. The aim is to enhance human capital efficiency and prepare students to tackle future workplace challenges effectively. To examine these connections, a cross-sectional survey was administered to 1056 university students. The findings reveal that satisfying the three psychological needs—perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness—plays a pivotal role in advancing AI literacy among university students. Additionally, four SRLSs—cognitive engagement, metacognitive knowledge, resource management, and motivational beliefs—acted as mediators between these psychological needs and AI literacy. Consequently, this study not only enhances our understanding of the psychological and behavioral development of university students during their engagement with AI education but also provides theoretical support and practical guidance for fostering their AI literacy. Full article
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31 pages, 5820 KiB  
Article
A Multidimensional Exploration Based on Hofstede’s Cultural Theory: An Empirical Study on Chinese Audience Acceptance of American Animated Films
by Tao Yu, Wei Yang, Ronghui Wu, Junping Xu and Jianhua Yang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020164 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 658
Abstract
In the context of globalization, cross-cultural research is essential for understanding behaviors and values across different cultural backgrounds. The way audiences from diverse cultures interpret and accept film content significantly impacts the international dissemination and market performance of films. This study, grounded in [...] Read more.
In the context of globalization, cross-cultural research is essential for understanding behaviors and values across different cultural backgrounds. The way audiences from diverse cultures interpret and accept film content significantly impacts the international dissemination and market performance of films. This study, grounded in Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions—power distance index (PDI), individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), uncertainty avoidance (UAI), masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), long-term vs. short-term orientation (LTO), and indulgence vs. restraint (IVR)—incorporates additional variables such as visual aesthetic appeal (VAA), narrative complexity (NCI), viewing motivation (VM), behavioral intentions (BIs), and brand loyalty (BL) to construct a multidimensional research framework. This framework aims to comprehensively examine the acceptance of American animated films among Chinese audiences and the cultural differences influencing such acceptance. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), this study analyzed the interrelationships between variables based on a sample of 507 participants with prior viewing experience. The findings reveal that different cultural dimensions significantly impact VM. PDI, UAI, and IDV exert significant negative influences on VM, with PDI being the most influential. Conversely, LTO and IVR do not demonstrate significant negative effects. In contrast, MAS, VAA, and NCI exhibit significant positive impacts on VM. Additionally, VM strongly influences audience acceptance, which, in turn, promotes the formation of BIs and repeated VM. This study extends the application of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions to the domain of cross-cultural media consumption, enriching the theoretical framework with additional dimensions and offering a novel perspective for cross-cultural research. Furthermore, the study uncovers the intricate interactions between cultural context and film content, proposing strategies to enhance the acceptance of cross-cultural films. These findings not only provide valuable insights for the production and marketing of animated films but also offer strategic guidance for filmmakers in diverse markets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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15 pages, 6893 KiB  
Article
Effects of Closed Mouth vs. Exposed Teeth on Facial Expression Processing: An ERP Study
by Nicolas M. Brunet and Alexandra R. Ackerman
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020163 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 614
Abstract
The current study examines the neural mechanisms underlying facial recognition, focusing on how emotional expression and mouth display modulate event-related potential (ERP) waveforms. 42 participants categorized faces by gender in one of two experimental setups: one featuring full-face images and another with cropped [...] Read more.
The current study examines the neural mechanisms underlying facial recognition, focusing on how emotional expression and mouth display modulate event-related potential (ERP) waveforms. 42 participants categorized faces by gender in one of two experimental setups: one featuring full-face images and another with cropped faces presented against neutral gray backgrounds. The stimuli included 288 images balanced across gender, race/ethnicity, emotional expression (“Fearful”, “Happy”, “Neutral”), and mouth display (“closed mouth” vs. “open mouth with exposed teeth”). Results revealed that N170 amplitude was significantly greater for open-mouth (exposed teeth) conditions (p < 0.01), independent of emotional expression, and no interaction between emotional expression and mouth display was found. However, the P100 amplitude exhibited a significant interaction between these variables (p < 0.05). Monte Carlo simulations analyzing N170 latency differences showed that fearful faces elicited a faster response than happy and neutral faces, with a 2 ms delay unlikely to occur by chance (p < 0.01). While these findings challenge prior research suggesting that N170 is directly influenced by emotional expression, they also highlight the potential role of emotional intensity as an alternative explanation. This underscores the importance of further studies to disentangle these effects. This study highlights the critical need to control for mouth display when investigating emotional face processing. The results not only refine our understanding of the neural dynamics of face perception but also confirm that the brain processes fearful expressions more rapidly than happy or neutral ones. These insights offer valuable methodological considerations for future neuroimaging research on emotion perception. Full article
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21 pages, 271 KiB  
Article
Supporting Families to ‘Make the Most’ of the Relationship Between Their Companion Dogs and Their Children with Autism Spectrum Condition: A Qualitative Exploration of the ‘Family Dog Service’
by Emily Shoesmith, Heidi Stevens, Selina Gibsone, Cari Miles, Hannah Beal, Kelly Jennings and Elena Ratschen
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020162 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 670
Abstract
Evidence suggests that assistance and therapy dogs can positively impact the mental and physical health of children with autism spectrum condition (ASC) and their families. However, these services are often costly and inaccessible. As an alternative, companion dogs (e.g., non-specialist-trained pet dogs) may [...] Read more.
Evidence suggests that assistance and therapy dogs can positively impact the mental and physical health of children with autism spectrum condition (ASC) and their families. However, these services are often costly and inaccessible. As an alternative, companion dogs (e.g., non-specialist-trained pet dogs) may offer similar benefits. To support families in selecting and training a dog to benefit the whole family, a charity named Dogs for Good has designed the Family Dog Service. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perceived impact of human–dog interactions and relationships for children with ASC and their families, and their perceptions of the Family Dog Service. Interviews were conducted with 16 parents of children with ASC who had engaged with the service within the last five years. Thematic analysis identified four main themes. These related to the positive impact of the companion dog on the child with ASC (e.g., enhanced focus and attention, reduction in loneliness, and reduced anxiety-based behaviours) and the parents (e.g., increased respite and wellbeing). However, parents also reported challenges of dog ownership (e.g., adjustment to routines and barriers associated with the development of the human–dog relationship). These challenges appeared to be mitigated by tailored guidance and support from the Family Dog Service. The findings indicate that companion dog ownership provided benefits to children with ASC and their families, similar to those reported for autism assistance dogs. While the findings do not suggest that companion dogs can replace the important role played by specialist trained assistance dogs, it is possible that reported benefits may occur due to the development of the human–dog relationship, facilitated by the support offered by the Family Dog Service. The service may provide a practical, valuable alternative in light of restrictions and challenges often associated with securing assistance dog placements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal-Assisted Interventions for Individuals on the Autism Spectrum)
18 pages, 1605 KiB  
Article
The Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adverse Family Experiences: A Qualitative Exploration of Sibling Resilience
by Miriam Riaz Nichol, Lee John Curley and Pamela Jane Sime
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020161 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 798
Abstract
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Adverse Family Experiences (AFEs) frameworks have been employed extensively in research. However, to date, no such studies have considered both frameworks concurrently, nor have they explored the similarities and differences in resilience between siblings with ACE- and [...] Read more.
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Adverse Family Experiences (AFEs) frameworks have been employed extensively in research. However, to date, no such studies have considered both frameworks concurrently, nor have they explored the similarities and differences in resilience between siblings with ACE- and AFE-exposed parent(s). Doing so could, perhaps, establish the ways in which adversity is transmitted through generations and subsequently identify what trajectories to address in potential interventions. Thus, the objectives of this study were to examine the experiences of families with intergenerational ACE and AFE trauma, and to ascertain what influences similarities and differences in sibling resilience. The thematic analysis of two family case studies (n = 6) proposed a narrative encompassing fear, relationships and challenging trauma. Findings demonstrated the influence of neighbourhood violence which appeared to initiate this narrative. The fear associated with neighbourhood violence and maltreatment in early childhood appeared to influence both the parent–child bond and intimate relationships. Finally, participants demonstrated the protective properties of dissociation and sibling parentification, exhibiting their relationship with resilience. Investigators suggested neighbourhood violence be considered in the ACE questionnaire to inform current and future policies, and to safeguard the needs of families affected by intergenerational trauma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)
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24 pages, 307 KiB  
Article
Students’, Teachers’, and Parents’ Knowledge About and Perceptions of Learning Strategies
by Amber E. Witherby, Addison L. Babineau and Sarah K. Tauber
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020160 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 447
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that students have imperfect knowledge about learning strategies. Moreover, very little is known about teachers’ and parents’ knowledge about learning strategies, which is important as these groups can help to model and teach students effective strategies. The goal of [...] Read more.
Previous research has demonstrated that students have imperfect knowledge about learning strategies. Moreover, very little is known about teachers’ and parents’ knowledge about learning strategies, which is important as these groups can help to model and teach students effective strategies. The goal of the present research was to add to this literature by measuring students’, teachers’, and parents’ beliefs about several learning strategies that have received empirical scrutiny, using methodology that builds upon prior work. To do so, participants were presented with a series of learning scenarios exemplifying a different learning strategy and rated each individually on effectiveness, familiarity, and their likelihood of using (or recommending) it in the future. Participants had accurate knowledge about effective strategies, rating retrieval practice and distributed study as the most effective learning strategies. There were variations within groups on their levels of familiarity with each strategy, which may have informed their ratings of effectiveness. For instance, participants rated interleaving as less effective compared to blocking but were also less familiar with the former. On a positive note, these outcomes suggest that people generally have good knowledge about learning strategies and underscore the importance of a broad dissemination of educational research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology)
22 pages, 1241 KiB  
Article
The Role of Personality Traits and Decision-Making Styles in Career Decision-Making Difficulties
by Mine Aydemir Dev and Nuran Bayram Arlı
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020159 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 610
Abstract
Career decisions are one of the most important decisions individuals make in their lives. These decisions are multifaceted and complex, making them a challenging process, particularly for students. This creates obstacles for students navigating the career choice process. The aim of this study [...] Read more.
Career decisions are one of the most important decisions individuals make in their lives. These decisions are multifaceted and complex, making them a challenging process, particularly for students. This creates obstacles for students navigating the career choice process. The aim of this study is to examine career decision-making difficulties within the framework of personality traits and decision-making styles. The target group of this study is undergraduate students studying at a public university. For this research, we collected data through online questionnaire forms. The questionnaire comprised demographic questions and three scales: career decision-making difficulties, personality traits, and decision-making styles. A total of 505 students (63.2% female) participated in the questionnaire. The research model was tested using path analysis. We also conducted network analysis in order to better understand and visualize the relationships between the sub-dimensions of the scales. The findings showed significant direct relationships between career decision-making difficulties and personality traits (conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, and agreeableness) and decision-making styles (rational, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous). According to the path analysis result, neurotic personality traits were positively correlated with career decision-making difficulties, while openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were negatively correlated with them. The relationship between dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous decision-making styles and career decision-making difficulties was positive. These results provide valuable insights into the factors that shape career decisions, helping students make more informed choices and manage their career paths effectively. Full article
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26 pages, 2632 KiB  
Article
Academic Possible Selves, Motivational Beliefs, and Self-Regulation Among Adolescents Attending General and Vocational Schools: Does the Type of School Matter?
by Evropi Efthymiadou, Eleftheria N. Gonida and Grigoris Kiosseoglou
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020158 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Academic possible selves (PSs) are defined as future self-representations about education and academic outcomes, recognized for their motivational power, especially in challenging situations. This study aimed to (i) explore the salience of academic PSs among senior high school students, considering sociodemographic factors; (ii) [...] Read more.
Academic possible selves (PSs) are defined as future self-representations about education and academic outcomes, recognized for their motivational power, especially in challenging situations. This study aimed to (i) explore the salience of academic PSs among senior high school students, considering sociodemographic factors; (ii) investigate the relationships among perceived contextual factors, PS constructs, difficulty mindsets, and academic outcomes; and (iii) examine differences between general and vocational school students across these variables and their relationships. A sample of 598 10th graders (i) reported their two most important hoped-for and feared PSs as well as their strategies to achieve/avoid them and (ii) completed scales measuring demographics, perceptions about parents’ and teachers’ beliefs, perceived efficacy for attaining PSs, perception of school as a path, difficulty mindsets about academic tasks, academic self-regulation, and achievement. The results indicated that academic PSs were salient among adolescents’ hoped-for PSs, with general school students reporting academic PSs more frequently and showing more positive motivational beliefs. Path analysis indicated the role of the study variables in academic self-regulation and achievement, with school type moderating these effects. The findings emphasize the importance of supporting students’ academic PSs and tailoring context-based interventions to foster academic outcomes in diverse school settings. Full article
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14 pages, 375 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Anger Management on Workers: A Questionnaire Survey of Organizational Dysfunctional Behavior and Withdrawal from Interpersonal Relationships in the Workplace
by Ryoichi Semba
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020157 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 532
Abstract
The voluntary behaviors of individuals that negatively impact the organization and its members should be addressed. According to the threatened egotism model, it is possible to curb such behaviors by effectively managing negative emotions. One such management strategy is anger management. Recently, some [...] Read more.
The voluntary behaviors of individuals that negatively impact the organization and its members should be addressed. According to the threatened egotism model, it is possible to curb such behaviors by effectively managing negative emotions. One such management strategy is anger management. Recently, some organizations have been implementing anger management programs, but their effect on behavior has not been verified. This study focused on organizational dysfunctional behavior and interpersonal withdrawal and attempted to examine the effects of anger management on these behaviors using a pre–post-test design. An anger management program and questionnaires before and after were administered to 92 workers (28 men and 64 women). The questionnaire included the Sociability Scale, which measures disengagement from interpersonal relationships, and the Organizational Dysfunctional Behavior Scale. A comparison of scale scores before and after the program revealed a significant decrease in the “Criticism of Others” on the Organizational Dysfunctional Behavior Scale. Furthermore, a similar analysis by sex and age revealed a significant decrease in “Criticism of Others” among women and workers under 46 years of age. These results indicate that anger management is not effective for reducing interpersonal withdrawal but may instead be effective for reducing criticism of others among women and young workers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventing and Addressing Negative Behaviors in the Workplace)
21 pages, 869 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Trauma and Substance Use on Emotion Regulation and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Implications for Perpetrator Programs
by Cristina Expósito-Álvarez, Manuel Roldán-Pardo, Viviana Vargas, Mina Maeda and Marisol Lila
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020156 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
(1) Background: Alcohol and/or other drug use problems (ADUPs) and trauma are key risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) that should be addressed in perpetrator programs. Participants with ADUPs and trauma histories may display greater difficulties in emotion regulation, which may increase [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Alcohol and/or other drug use problems (ADUPs) and trauma are key risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) that should be addressed in perpetrator programs. Participants with ADUPs and trauma histories may display greater difficulties in emotion regulation, which may increase the likelihood of IPV recidivism. The study aimed to examine differences among participants with trauma, ADUPs, ADUPs and trauma, and without such factors in dropout, IPV, and variables related to emotion regulation at pre- and post-intervention; (2) Methods: A sample of 312 men court-mandated to attend a perpetrator program (Contexto Program) was used. Variables related to emotion regulation difficulties included alexithymia, depressive symptomatology, and clinical syndromes. IPV variables included self-reported physical and psychological IPV and IPV recidivism risk assessed by facilitators. Comparisons between groups were made using one-way ANOVA, chi-square tests, and two-way repeated measures ANOVAs; (3) Results: Participants with ADUPs and trauma presented greater difficulties on variables related to emotion regulation, higher risk of IPV at pre-intervention, and higher dropout rates. At post-intervention, all participants improved their emotion regulation skills and reduced IPV recidivism risk, with participants with ADUPs and trauma maintaining a higher risk of IPV; (4) Conclusions: IPV perpetrators with ADUPs and trauma are high-risk participants. Interventions should target trauma and ADUPs to improve their effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: A Focus on Emotion Regulation)
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14 pages, 548 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between Soccer Participation and Team Cohesion for Adolescents: A Chain-Mediated Effect of Athlete Engagement and Collective Self-Esteem
by Zhihao Zhao, Xiang Che, Haopeng Wang, Yi Zheng, Ning Ma, Liquan Gao and Yizhou Shui
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020155 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 526
Abstract
This study was carried out to explore the mechanism between athlete participation and team cohesion for adolescent school soccer players. We examined the mediating role of athlete engagement and collective self-esteem between athlete participation and team cohesion for adolescent soccer players. A comprehensive [...] Read more.
This study was carried out to explore the mechanism between athlete participation and team cohesion for adolescent school soccer players. We examined the mediating role of athlete engagement and collective self-esteem between athlete participation and team cohesion for adolescent soccer players. A comprehensive investigation of 1659 primary and middle school soccer players was conducted using the Athlete Participation Scale, Athlete Engagement Questionnaire, Collective Self-Esteem Scale, and Team Cohesion Scale, and we conducted correlation, regression and pathway analyses among the variables. We found the following for adolescent soccer players: (1) Athlete engagement plays a complete mediating role between athlete participation and team cohesion. (2) Collective self-esteem plays a complete mediating role between athlete participation and team cohesion. (3) Athlete participation does not directly predict team cohesion, but can influence team cohesion through the chain mediation of athlete engagement and collective self-esteem. This study built a chain mediation model showing that athlete engagement and team cohesion mediated athlete participation and team cohesion, to investigate its mediating role for adolescent soccer players. This study provides theoretical guidance and an empirical basis for the intervention of athlete participation on team cohesion in soccer sports among adolescents. Full article
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12 pages, 531 KiB  
Article
Lessons Learned from the Rapid Implementation of Telehealth Group Psychotherapy at a Safety-Net Health System in the U.S
by Astrea Greig, Emily Benedetto, Irina Livitz and Hsiang Huang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020154 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
There is inadequate availability and access to behavioral health services to meet demand, and this issue amplified during the pandemic, creating a mental health crisis. Group therapy is an effective way to meet this need. The rapid implementation of telehealth group psychotherapy as [...] Read more.
There is inadequate availability and access to behavioral health services to meet demand, and this issue amplified during the pandemic, creating a mental health crisis. Group therapy is an effective way to meet this need. The rapid implementation of telehealth group psychotherapy as part of a Primary Care Behavioral Health Integration program in a U.S. safety-net health care setting is described. Implementation lessons are summarized as barriers or facilitators, using thematic analysis of qualitative data from meeting notes. Major facilitators identified include having key staff serve as technology champions, dedicated administrative leadership to operationalize workflows, and communication and collaboration across teams and layers of infrastructure. Major barriers include uncertainty about operational workflows and technological challenges. While group visit volume initially waned, it began to rebound and quantitative analysis of demographic data shows that important underserved populations were reached. Frequent communication, collaboration, and adaptation among teams are critical elements for improving the likelihood of successful telehealth group therapy. It is feasible to expeditiously implement telehealth group psychotherapy in safety-net health care systems with limited resources. Full article
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19 pages, 2042 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Nature Exposure Dose on Adults with Mental Illness
by Joanna Ellen Bettmann, Elizabeth Speelman, Annelise Jolley and Tallie Casucci
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020153 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 573
Abstract
Time spent in nature leads to significant physical and mental benefits, but research is mixed on how much time in nature is necessary to affect change in adults’ mental health. This meta-analysis aimed to answer the question: what effect does length and interval [...] Read more.
Time spent in nature leads to significant physical and mental benefits, but research is mixed on how much time in nature is necessary to affect change in adults’ mental health. This meta-analysis aimed to answer the question: what effect does length and interval of nature dosage have on adults with mental illness? The authors defined nature exposure as an experience in nature lasting at least 10 minutes and taking place in an actual natural setting. Because some studies indicated single experiences of exposure to nature (one-time) while others utilized multiple exposures to nature (interval), these studies were separated to determine differences between one-time versus interval exposure to nature. Following Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and PRISMA reporting guidelines, this review included 78 studies published between 1990 and 2020. The present study found that one-time and interval nature exposure yielded different results for adults with a diagnosed mental illness and adults with symptoms of mental illness. Notably, shorter nature exposure delivered in intervals appeared to show positive significant effects, even more than one-time exposure. This finding has important implications for public health and green space preservation, as being outside for as little as 10 minutes and even in urban nature can improve adults’ mental health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and the Natural Environment)
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23 pages, 1598 KiB  
Article
The Impact of AI Negative Feedback vs. Leader Negative Feedback on Employee Withdrawal Behavior: A Dual-Path Study of Emotion and Cognition
by Xinyue Li, Mingpeng Huang, Jialin Liu, Yifan Fan and Min Cui
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020152 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 548
Abstract
In the workplace, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly widespread, including in employee performance management where AI feedback is gaining importance. Some companies are also using AI to provide negative feedback to employees. Our research compares the impact of AI [...] Read more.
In the workplace, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly widespread, including in employee performance management where AI feedback is gaining importance. Some companies are also using AI to provide negative feedback to employees. Our research compares the impact of AI negative feedback and leader negative feedback on employees. In order to explore the impact of AI negative feedback on employees, we investigated how AI negative feedback impacts employee psychology and behavior and compared these effects to those of human leader negative feedback, within the framework of the feedback process model. To explore these differences, we conducted three experimental studies (n = 772) from two different regions (i.e., China and the United States). The results reveal that leader negative feedback induces greater feelings of shame in employees, leading to work withdrawal behaviors, compared to AI negative feedback. Conversely, AI negative feedback has a more detrimental effect on employees’ self-efficacy, leading to work withdrawal behaviors, compared to leader negative feedback. Furthermore, employees’ AI knowledge moderates the relationship between negative feedback sources and employee withdrawal behavior. Specifically, employees who perceive themselves as having limited AI knowledge are more likely to feel ashamed when receiving leader negative feedback than when receiving AI negative feedback. Conversely, employees who believe they are knowledgeable about AI are more likely to have their self-efficacy undermined by AI negative feedback than leader negative feedback. Our research contributes significantly to the literature on AI versus human feedback and the role of feedback sources, providing practical insights for organizations on optimizing AI usage in delivering negative feedback. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employee Behavior on Digital-AI Transformation)
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