Classification of Pigs with Tail Lesions from Different Farrowing and Rearing Systems during Rearing and Fattening Period
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Housing
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Preprocessing
2.3.2. Cluster Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Valros, A. Tail Biting. In Advances in Pig Welfare; Špinka, M., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing an Imprint of Elsevier: Duxford, UK, 2018; pp. 137–166. ISBN 9780081010129. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, N.R.; Parker, R.M.A.; Mendl, M.; Edwards, S.A.; Main, D.C.J. Prevalence of risk factors for tail biting on commercial farms and intervention strategies. Vet. J. 2012, 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schrøder-Petersen, D.L.; Simonsen, H.B. Tail biting in pigs. Vet. J. 2001, 162, 196–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hunter, E.J.; Jones, T.A.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C.; Hoste, S. Tail biting in pigs 1: The prevalence at six UK abattoirs and the relationship of tail biting with docking, sex and other carcass damage. Pig J. Refereed Sect. 1999, 43, 18–32. [Google Scholar]
- Parker, M.; O’Connor, E.; McLeman, M.; Demmers, T.; Lowe, J.; Owen, R.; Davey, E.; Wathes, C.; Abeyesinghe, S. The impact of chronic environmental stressors on the social behaviour of growing pigs, Sus scrofa. Adv. Anim. Biosci. 2010, 1, 187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zonderland, J.J.; Bracke, M.B.M.; den Hartog, L.A.; Kemp, B.; Spoolder, H.A.M. Gender effects on tail damage development in single-or mixed-sex groups of weaned piglets. Livest. Sci. 2010, 129, 151–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cox, L.N.; Cooper, J.J. Observations on the pre- and post-weaning behaviour of piglets reared in commercial indoor and outdoor environments. Anim. Sci. 2001, 72, 75–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statham, P.; Green, L.; Mendl, M. A longitudinal study of the effects of providing straw at different stages of life on tail-biting and other behaviour in commercially housed pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2011, 134, 100–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer-Hamme, S.E.K.; Lambertz, C.; Gauly, M. Does group size have an impact on welfare indicators in fattening pigs? Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci. 2016, 10, 142–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taylor, N.R.; Main, D.C.J.; Mendl, M.; Edwards, S.A. Tail-biting: A new perspective. Vet. J. 2010, 186, 137–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Statham, P.; Green, L.; Bichard, M.; Mendl, M. Predicting tail-biting from behaviour of pigs prior to outbreaks. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2009, 121, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lukashin, A.V.; Fuchs, R. Analysis of temporal gene expression profiles: Clustering by simulated annealing and determining the optimal number of clusters. Bioinformatics 2001, 17, 405–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lekic, V.; Romanowicz, B. Tectonic regionalization without a priori information: A cluster analysis of upper mantle tomography. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 308, 151–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zason Chian, L.K.; John Wang, C.K. Motivational Profiles of Junior College Athletes: A Cluster Analysis. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 2008, 20, 137–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Putten, G. An Investigation into Tail-Biting among Fattening Pigs. Br. Vet. J. 1969, 125, 511–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benus, R.F.; Bohus, B.; Koolhaas, J.M.; van Oortmerssen, G.A. Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies. Experientia 1991, 47, 1008–1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D’Eath, R.B. Socialising piglets before weaning improves social hierarchy formation when pigs are mixed post-weaning. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2005, 93, 199–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oostindjer, M.; van den Brand, H.; Kemp, B.; Bolhuis, J.E. Effects of environmental enrichment and loose housing of lactating sows on piglet behaviour before and after weaning. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2011, 134, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gentz, M.; Lange, A.; Zeidler, S.; Lambertz, C.; Gauly, M.; Burfeind, O.; Traulsen, I. Effects of farrowing and rearing systems on tail lesions and losses of docked and undocked pigs. Animal 2019. Submitted. [Google Scholar]
- Abriel, M.; Jais, C. Mehr Tierwohl–Maßnahmen im Bereich der Haltung: Versuche zur Reduzierung des Schwanzbeißens bei Ferkeln. In Schweinehaltung vor Neuen Herausforderungen; Tagungsband Schriftenreihe der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft; Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft: Freising, Germany, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: www.R-project.org (accessed on 19 July 2019).
- Hartigan, J.A.; Wong, M.A. Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm. Appl. Stat. 1979, 28, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maechler, M.; Rousseeuw, P.; Struyf, A.; Hubert, M.; Hornik, K. Cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions. R Package Version 2.0.1. 2012. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272176869_Cluster_Cluster_Analysis_Basics_and_Extensions (accessed on 23 July 2019).
- Sparks, R.L.; Patton, J.; Ganschow, L. Profiles of more and less successful L2 learners: A cluster analysis study. Learn. Individ. Differ. 2012, 22, 463–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moinard, C.; Mendl, M.; Nicol, C.J.; Green, L.E. A case control study of on-farm risk factors for tail biting in pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2013, 333–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herskin, M.S.; Thodberg, K.; Jensen, H.E. Effects of tail docking and docking length on neuroanatomical changes in healed tail tips of pigs. Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci. 2015, 9, 677–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simonsen, H.B.; Klinken, L.; Bindseil, B. Histopathologie of intact and docked pig tails. Br. Vet. J. 1991, 147, 407–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paoli, M.A.; Lahrmann, H.P.; Jensen, T.; D’Eath, R.B. Behavioural differences between weaner pigs with intact and docked tails. Anim. Welf. 2016, 25, 287–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ekkel, E.D.; van Doorn, C.E.A.; Hessing, M.J.C.; Tielen, M.J.M. The Specific-Stress-Free Housing System Has Positive Effects on Productivity, Health, and Welfare of Pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 1995, 73, 1544–1551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beattie, V.E.; Walker, N.; Sneddon, I.A. An investigation of the effect of environmental enrichment and space allowance on the behaviour and production of growing pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1996, 151–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Assessment Weeks | Freq. 1 | Max. Dur. 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||
Pig 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pig 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
Pig 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
Pig 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 |
Pig 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 10 |
Groups | Freqency of Score “1” | Max. Duration of Score “1” | N 1 |
---|---|---|---|
I No lesions | 0 | 0 weeks | 61 pigs |
II Few lesions of short duration | 1–3 | 1 week | 204 pigs |
III Few lesions of long duration | 2–3 weeks | 90 pigs | |
IV Many lesions of short duration | 4–14 | 1–3 weeks | 205 pigs |
V Many lesions of long duration | 4–10 weeks | 117 pigs |
Lesion Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
I (n = 61) | II–IV (n = 499) | V (n = 117) | ||
Docking status | undocked | 5.43% a | 83.16% | 11.41% b |
docked | 13.27% c | 80.26% | 6.47% d | |
Rearing system | CONV | 6.57% | 76.76% | 16.67% |
W-F | 12.46% | 69.39% | 18.15% | |
Farrowing system | FC | 6.79% | 77.78% | 15.43% |
FF | 11.90% | 69.51% | 18.59% | |
GH | 7.32% | 75.61% | 17.07% |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gentz, M.; Lange, A.; Zeidler, S.; Traulsen, I. Classification of Pigs with Tail Lesions from Different Farrowing and Rearing Systems during Rearing and Fattening Period. Animals 2019, 9, 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110949
Gentz M, Lange A, Zeidler S, Traulsen I. Classification of Pigs with Tail Lesions from Different Farrowing and Rearing Systems during Rearing and Fattening Period. Animals. 2019; 9(11):949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110949
Chicago/Turabian StyleGentz, Maria, Anita Lange, Sebastian Zeidler, and Imke Traulsen. 2019. "Classification of Pigs with Tail Lesions from Different Farrowing and Rearing Systems during Rearing and Fattening Period" Animals 9, no. 11: 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110949
APA StyleGentz, M., Lange, A., Zeidler, S., & Traulsen, I. (2019). Classification of Pigs with Tail Lesions from Different Farrowing and Rearing Systems during Rearing and Fattening Period. Animals, 9(11), 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110949