Feline Leishmania spp. Infection in a Non-Endemic Area of Northern Italy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Sample Collection
2.2. Laboratory Analyses
2.2.1. Hematological Parameters
2.2.2. Serum Protein and Protein Electrophoresis
2.2.3. Detection of L. infantum by IFAT
2.2.4. Leishmania DNA Extraction and PCR Assays
2.2.5. Detection of Coinfections
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Modalities | Whole Population (n = 117) | Leishmania infantum Infection Status | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uninfected (n = 107) | Infected (n = 10) | ||||
Age | Young | 30 (25.6%) | 25 (23.4%) | 5 (50.0%) | 0.0667 |
Adult | 87 (74.4%) | 82 (76.6%) | 5 (50.0%) | ||
Gender | Male | 47 (40.2%) | 40 (37.4%) | 7 (70.0%) | 0.0869 |
Female | 70 (59.8%) | 67 (62.6%) | 3 (30.0%) | ||
Reproductive status | Neutered | 12 (10.3%) | 10 (9.3%) | 2 (20.0%) | 0.2722 |
Not-neutered | 105 (89.7%) | 97 (90.7%) | 8 (80.0%) | ||
Breed | DSH | 116 (99.1%) | 106 (99.1%) | 10 (100.0%) | 1.0000 |
Mixed Chartreux | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.93%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
Origin | Zone 1 | 12 (10.3%) | 10 (9.3%) | 2 (20.0%) | 0.2722 |
Zone 2 | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.93%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.0000 | |
Zone 3 | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (0.93%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0.1643 | |
Zone 4 | 18 (15.4%) | 18 (16.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.0000 | |
Zone 5 | 17 (14.5%) | 16 (15.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 1.0000 | |
Zone 6 | 13 (11.1%) | 12 (11.2%) | 1 (10.0%) | 1.0000 | |
Zone 7 | 27 (23.1%) | 26 (24.3%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0.4499 | |
Zone 8 | 14 (12.0%) | 13 (12.1%) | 1 (10.0%) | 1.0000 | |
Zone 9 | 7 (6.0%) | 4 (3.7%) | 3 (30.0%) | 0.0154 | |
nr | 6 (5.1%) | 6 (5.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | - | |
Body condition score | Normal | 62 (53.0%) | 56 (52.3%) | 6 (60.0%) | 0.7476 |
Underweight | 52 (44.4%) | 49 (45.8%) | 3 (30.0%) | 0.5086 | |
Overweight | 3 (2.6%) | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0.2369 | |
Health status | Healthy | 97 (82.0%) | 91 (85.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | 0.0665 |
Unhealthy | 20 (17.1%) | 16 (15.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | ||
Ectoparasites | Fleas | 30 (25.6%) | 29 (27.1%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0.4490 |
Ticks | 3 (2.6%) | 3 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.0000 | |
Ear mites | 8 (6.8%) | 8 (7.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.0000 | |
Retrovirus status (n = 95) | Seropositive | 14 (14.7%) | 12/86 (14.0%) | 2/9 (22.2%) | 0.6167 |
Seronegative | 81 (85.3%) | 74/86 (86.0%) | 7/9 (77.8%) | ||
Retrovirus infection (n = 95) | FIV | 6 (6.3%) | 6/86 (7.0%) | 0/9 (0.0%) | 1.0000 |
FeLV | 6 (6.3%) | 5/86 (5.8%) | 1/9 (11.1%) | 0.4590 | |
FIV+FeLV | 2 (2.1%) | 1/86 (1.2%) | 1/9 (11.1%) | 0.1814 |
n. | Gender | Age (Years) | RT-PCR | IFAT Cut Off ≥ 1:80 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole Blood | Popliteal Lymph Node | Conjunctival Swab | ||||
1 | F | 2 | negative | 5 Leishmania/mL | negative | 1:40 |
2 | NF | 4 | negative | 20 Leishmania/mL | negative | <1:40 |
3 | M | 1 | negative | 13 Leishmania/mL | negative | <1:40 |
4 | M | 1 | negative | 5 Leishmania/mL | negative | <1:40 |
5 | F | 0.6 | negative | 125 Leishmania/Ll | negative | not tested |
6 | M | 8 | negative | negative | negative | 1:160 |
7 | M | 1 | negative | negative | negative | 1:160 |
8 | M | 2 | negative | negative | negative | 1:80 |
9 | NM | 3 | negative | negative | negative | 1:80 |
10 | M | 1.1 | negative | negative | negative | 1:80 |
Variable | Spada et al 2014 [7] | Spada et al 2016 [8] | Current Study | Iatta et al 2019 [17] | Urbani et al 2020 [18] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | Stray | Stray | Stray | Owned | Owned | |
Geographic area | Milan | Milan | Milan | Northern Italy | Bologna | |
Sampling years | 2008-2010 | 2014 | 2016-2018 | 2017-2018 | 2017 | |
Samples number | 233 | 90 | 117 | 1543 | 152 | |
FeL overall prevalence | 9.0% | 12.2% | 8.6% | 1.6% | 12.5% | |
IFAT overall seropositivity (at ≥1:80 cut off) | 21/233 (9.0%) | 11/90 (12.2%) | 5/102 (4.9%) | 20/1543 (1.3%) | 18/152 (11.8%) | |
IFAT titer | 1:40 | 38 (16.3%) | 16 (17.8%) | 8/102 (7.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 27 (17.8%) |
1:80 | 15 (6.4%) | 11 (12.2%) | 3/102 (2.9%) | 20 (1.3%) | 11 (7.2%) | |
1:160 | 6 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2/102 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (3.3%) | |
1:320 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0/102 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
PCR overall positivity | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 5/115 (4.4%) | 5/1543 (0.3%) | 1/150 (0.7%) | |
PCR on | Whole blood | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0/109 (0.0%) | 5 (0.3%) | 0/146 (0.0%) |
Conjunctiva | np | 0 (0.0%) | 0/117 (0.0%) | np | 0/150 (0.0%) | |
Lymph node | np | 1 (1.1%) | 5/115 (4.4%) | np | np | |
Ectoparasites | np | np | 0/13 (0.0%) | np | np | |
Dermal lesion | np | np | 0/2 (0.0%) | np | np | |
Hair | np | np | np | np | 1/150 (0.7%) |
n. | Rectal Temperature (°C) | Mucous Membrane | Lymphadenomegaly | Respiratory Signs | Gastrointestinal Signs | Dernal Signs | Ocular Signs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 38.4 | n | np | np | np | np | np |
2 | 37.7 | n | Solitary | np | np | Bilateral temporal skin wounds | np |
3 | 36.0 | n | Solitary | np | Gingivostomatitis | np | np |
4 | 37.4 | n | Solitary | np | np | np | np |
5 | 37.3 | Pallor | np | np | Gingivostomatitis | np | np |
6 | 37.8 | Pallor | Solitary | Respiratory pulmonary rumors | Gingivostomatitis | np | Corneal ulcer and third eyelid lesion |
7 | nr | n | np | np | np | np | np |
8 | 38.6 | Pallor, subicterus | Generalyzed | np | np | np | np |
9 | nr | n | Solitary | np | np | Generalised scaling | np |
10 | 37.4 | n | np | np | np | np | np |
n. | RBCs (6560–11200 ×103/μL) | Hb (10.6–15.6 g/dL) | Hct (31.7–48.0%) | MCV (36.7–53.7 fl) | MCH (12.3–17.3 pg) | MCHC (30.1–35.6 g/dL) | RDW (16.7–22.9%) | PLTs (175.0–500.0 ×103/μL) | WBCs (4040–18700/μL) | Neutrophils (2300–14000/μL) | Lymphocytes (800–6100/μL) | Monocytes (0–700/μL) | Eosinophils (0–1500/μL) | Basophils (0–100/μL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5990 | 10.0 | 28.5 | 47.5 | 16.6 | 35 | 15.2 | 470 | 13600 | 11696 | 1088 | 408 | 408 | 0 |
2 | 7080 | 9.3 | 29.8 | 42.0 | 13.1 | 31.2 | 17.8 | 397 | 19500 | 14430 | 2340 | 390 | 2340 | 0 |
3 | 8370 | 11.6 | 42.2 | 50.0 | 13.8 | 27.5 | 19.2 | 321 | 8600 | 6708 | 516 | 172 | 1204 | 0 |
4 | 8010 | 12.1 | 38.6 | 48.0 | 15.1 | 31.3 | 17.3 | 444 | 12900 | 9159 | 2580 | 129 | 1032 | 0 |
5 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
6 | 5470 | 8.9 | 29.0 | 60.0 | 16.2 | 27.2 | 16.2 | 393 | 19100 | 12033 | 4775 | 1719 | 573 | 0 |
7 | 8230 | 11.4 | 38.6 | 47.0 | 13.9 | 29.6 | 17.4 | 197 | 25400 | 20066 | 2286 | 1016 | 1778 | 254 |
8 | 8360 | 10.2 | 29.4 | 35.2 | 12.3 | 34.8 | 18.4 | 193 | 8580 | 5663 | 2574 | 0 | 343 | 0 |
9 | 8290 | 10.6 | 32.9 | 39.7 | 12.8 | 32.3 | 29.7 | 537 | 8250 | 5693 | 1485 | 577 | 495 | 0 |
10 | 8660 | 15.0 | 44.0 | 51.0 | 17.4 | 34.3 | 18.2 | 249 | 13800 | 10350 | 1656 | 276 | 1518 | 0 |
n | Total Protein (6–8 g/dL) | Albumin (3.0–4.6 g/dL) | Alpha 1-globulins (0.1–0.5 g/dL) | Alpha 2-globulins (0.3–1.2 g/dL) | Beta 1-globulins (0.1–0.7 g/dL) | Beta 2-globulins (0.2–0.8 g/dL) | Gamma-globulins (0.3–0.8 g/dL) | A/G Ratio (0.8–1.6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.97 | 2.91 | 0.24 | 1.14 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 2.06 | 0.72 |
2 | 6.63 | 2.96 | 0.16 | 1.01 | 0.23 | 0.4 | 1.87 | 0.81 |
3 | 5.64 | 3.19 | 0.12 | 1.03 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.86 | 1.3 |
4 | 5.59 | 3.05 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 1.41 | 1.2 |
5 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
6 | 6.16 | 1.94 | 0.09 | 0.75 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 2.8 | 0.46 |
7 | 6.69 | 3.02 | 0.19 | 1.4 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 1.49 | 0.82 |
8 | 11.93 | 4.40 | 0.31 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 4.76 | 0.58 |
9 | 6.27 | 2.95 | 0.19 | 1.19 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 1.47 | 0.89 |
10 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Parameter | Leishmania infantum Infection Status | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infected Cats | Uninfected Cats | ||||||
n | Median | Average Rank | n | Median | Average Rank | ||
Total protein (6–8 g/dL) | 8 | 6.4 | 45.9 | 64 | 5.9 | 35.3 | 0.1761 |
Albumin (3.0–4.6 g/dL) | 8 | 2.9 | 49.0 | 64 | 2.7 | 34.9 | 0.0731 |
Alpha 1-globulins (0.1–0.5 g/dL) | 8 | 0.1 | 24.7 | 64 | 0.2 | 37.9 | 0.0914 |
Alpha 2-globulins (0.3–1.2 g/dL) | 8 | 1.0 | 21.6 | 64 | 1.2 | 38.3 | 0.0337 |
Beta 1-globulins (0.1–0.7 g/dL) | 8 | 0.3 | 29.0 | 64 | 0.3 | 37.4 | 0.2818 |
Beta 2-globulins (0.2–0.8 g/dL) | 8 | 0.2 | 38.6 | 64 | 0.2 | 36.2 | 0.7535 |
Gamma-globulins (0.3–0.8 g/dL) | 8 | 1.6 | 53.8 | 64 | 1.0 | 34.3 | 0.0127 |
A/G ratio (0.8–1.6) | 8 | 0.8 | 34.5 | 64 | 0.8 | 36.7 | 0.7743 |
n. | Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Cut off 1:64) | Ehrlichia canis (Cut off 1:64) | Rickettsia conorii (Cut off 1:64) | Toxoplasma gondii | Chlamydophila felis (Cut off 1:32) | FIV Ab | FeLV Ag | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IgG (Cut off 1:64) | IgM (Cut off 1:64) | |||||||
1 | negative | negative | negative | negative | negative | 1:40 | negative | negative |
2 | negative | negative | negative | negative | negative | 1:80 | negative | negative |
3 | negative | negative | negative | negative | negative | 1:40 | negative | negative |
4 | negative | negative | negative | negative | negative | >1:320 | negative | negative |
6 | negative | negative | negative | 1:128 | negative | 1:40 | positive | positive |
7 | negative | negative | negative | negative | negative | 1:40 | negative | positive |
8 | 1:64 | negative | negative | negative | negative | >1:320 | negative | negative |
9 | negative | negative | negative | negative | negative | >1:320 | negative | negative |
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Spada, E.; Perego, R.; Vitale, F.; Bruno, F.; Castelli, G.; Tarantola, G.; Baggiani, L.; Magistrelli, S.; Proverbio, D. Feline Leishmania spp. Infection in a Non-Endemic Area of Northern Italy. Animals 2020, 10, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050817
Spada E, Perego R, Vitale F, Bruno F, Castelli G, Tarantola G, Baggiani L, Magistrelli S, Proverbio D. Feline Leishmania spp. Infection in a Non-Endemic Area of Northern Italy. Animals. 2020; 10(5):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050817
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpada, Eva, Roberta Perego, Fabrizio Vitale, Federica Bruno, Germano Castelli, Gaia Tarantola, Luciana Baggiani, Sonia Magistrelli, and Daniela Proverbio. 2020. "Feline Leishmania spp. Infection in a Non-Endemic Area of Northern Italy" Animals 10, no. 5: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050817
APA StyleSpada, E., Perego, R., Vitale, F., Bruno, F., Castelli, G., Tarantola, G., Baggiani, L., Magistrelli, S., & Proverbio, D. (2020). Feline Leishmania spp. Infection in a Non-Endemic Area of Northern Italy. Animals, 10(5), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050817