Horses Failed to Learn from Humans by Observation
1
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Biosystems and Technology, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
2
Aarhus University, Dept. Animal Science, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2020, 10(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020221
Received: 13 November 2019 / Revised: 25 January 2020 / Accepted: 27 January 2020 / Published: 29 January 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)
Simple Summary
The behavior of animals can be altered in various ways. Horses interact on an everyday basis with humans, and some studies suggest that horses can learn new behavior from observing humans. However, scientific findings are conflicting. This study seeks to investigate if horses can learn to solve an instrumental task of opening a box, by observing human demonstration. We control for social transmission mechanisms, which require lower cognitive complexity than actual social learning. One human demonstrator either (A) fully demonstrated how to solve the task, (B) partially demonstrated the task, or (C) provided no demonstration. Thirty horses were randomly assigned to one of these treatments, and their success and behavior was observed. Horses watching the full and partial demonstrations were not more successful in solving the task than horses receiving no human demonstration. Horses that were unsuccessful showed more human- and box-oriented behavior than successful horses, which can indicate motivation to solve the task and/or frustration from being unable to solve the task. Our study suggest that the horses did not benefit from human demonstration of how to open a box to find food.
Animals can acquire new behavior through both individual and social learning. Several studies have investigated horses’ ability to utilize inter-species (human demonstrator) social learning with conflicting results. In this study, we repeat a previous study, which found that horses had the ability to learn from observing humans performing an instrumental task, but we include a control for stimulus enhancement. One human demonstrator and thirty horses were included, and the horses were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (A) full human demonstration, (B) partial human demonstration, and (C) no human demonstration. The task was for the horses to touch an object situated 1 m away from a feed box, to open this feed box, and thereby obtain a food reward. The success of each horse, the behavior directed towards the apparatus and the human, and behaviors indicative of frustration were observed. The results showed that horses observing a full and partial human demonstration were not more successful in solving the instrumental task than horses not observing any demonstration. Horses that did not solve the task expressed more box- and human-oriented behavior compared to successful horses, which may be an indication of motivation to solve the task and/or frustration from being unable to solve the task.
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Keywords:
horse; cognition; social learning; welfare; training; social transmission; inter-species
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Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
- Supplementary File 1:
MOV-Document (MOV, 1809 KiB)
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Externally hosted supplementary file 1
Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3540989
Description: Exemplified illustration of the feed box, the tube and how a successful trial was performed by a horse (this particular horse had already finished testing).
MDPI and ACS Style
Rørvang, M.V.; Nielsen, T.B.; Christensen, J.W. Horses Failed to Learn from Humans by Observation. Animals 2020, 10, 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020221
AMA Style
Rørvang MV, Nielsen TB, Christensen JW. Horses Failed to Learn from Humans by Observation. Animals. 2020; 10(2):221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020221
Chicago/Turabian StyleRørvang, Maria V.; Nielsen, Tina B.; Christensen, Janne W. 2020. "Horses Failed to Learn from Humans by Observation" Animals 10, no. 2: 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020221
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