Detection of the Phenicol–Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Food-Producing Animals during 2008–2018 in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Ccollection
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.3. Detection of Mmutations and Resistance Genes
2.4. Conjugation Experiment
2.5. Molecular Typing of poxtA-Carrying Enterococci
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of poxtA-Positive E. faecium and E. faecalis
3.2. Characterization of poxtA-Positive Enterococci
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | No. of Isolates (poxtA-Carrying Isolates/Linezolid-Resistant Isolates/Tested Isolates) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. faecium (n = 3941) | E. faecalis (n = 5088) | |||||||||
Cattle | Pigs | Chickens | Ducks | Total | Cattle | Pigs | Chickens | Ducks | Total | |
2008 | 0/0/54 | 0/0/57 | 0/1/70 | NT | 0/1/181 | 0/0/32 | 0/11/52 | 0/1/17 | NT | 0/12/101 |
2009 | 0/0/34 | 0/0/108 | 0/0/55 | NT | 0/0/197 | 0/0/32 | 0/0/87 | 0/0/58 | NT | 0/0/177 |
2010 | 0/0/25 | 0/0/60 | 1/3/77 | NT | 1/3/162 | 0/0/61 | 0/0/88 | 0/0/162 | NT | 0/0/311 |
2011 | 0/0/72 | 0/0/163 | 0/0/87 | NT | 0/0/322 | 0/0/152 | 0/0/216 | 0/1/170 | NT | 0/1/538 |
2012 | 0/0/53 | 0/0/148 | 2/2/168 | NT | 2/2/369 | 0/0/80 | 0/1/145 | 0/4/213 | NT | 0/5/438 |
2013 | 0/0/46 | 0/0/127 | 1/3/134 | NT | 1/3/307 | 0/0/85 | 0/0/166 | 0/0/196 | NT | 0/0/447 |
2014 | 1/2/73 | 0/0/144 | 8/20/240 | NT | 9/22/457 | 0/0/99 | 0/0/164 | 0/2/229 | NT | 0/2/492 |
2015 | 1/1/51 | 0/0/142 | 7/14/166 | NT | 8/15/359 | 0/2/102 | 0/5/173 | 1/5/175 | NT | 1/12/450 |
2016 | 0/2/57 | 0/0/152 | 4/12/162 | 6/9/82 | 10/23/453 | 0/0/95 | 0/6/200 | 0/3/181 | 1/1/174 | 1/10/650 |
2017 | 0/0/83 | 0/0/175 | 0/6/131 | NT | 0/6/389 | 0/0/176 | 0/3/279 | 0/3/182 | NT | 0/6/637 |
2018 | 0/0/104 | 0/0/267 | 0/14/245 | 0/5/129 | 0/19/745 | 0/0/166 | 0/8/233 | 2/4/240 | 1/2/208 | 3/14/847 |
Total | 2/5/652 | 0/0/1543 | 23/75/1535 | 6/14/211 | 31/94/3941 | 0/2/1080 | 0/34/1803 | 3/23/1823 | 2/3/382 | 5/62/5088 |
Isolates | Sources of Animals | Sample | Farm ID | Slaughter-House ID | Province | Isolation Year | MICs (µg/mL) | Resistance Ggenes | Mutations | Self-Transfer | Pulso-Type | ST | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LNZ | CHL | FFC | TET | optrA | fexA | cfr | 23s rRNA | rplC | rplD | ||||||||||
E. faecium (n = 31) | |||||||||||||||||||
14-CF-FM-10 | Chicken | Feces | A | p | Incheon | 2010 | 16 | >32 | >32 | 128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | N130K | + | pm-27 | 120 |
02-CF-FM-11 | Chicken | Feces | O | G | Gyeonggi | 2012 | 16 | 32 | >32 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-20 | 1241 |
03-CF-FM-12 | Chicken | Feces | Z | H | Gangwon | 2012 | >16 | >32 | >32 | 128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | N130K | − | pm-9 | 1166 |
08-CF-FM-38 | Chicken | Feces | K | B | Gyeongbuk | 2013 | 16 | >32 | >32 | >128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-6 | 124 |
02-CF-FM-15 | Chicken | Feces | W | G | Gyeonggi | 2014 | 16 | >32 | >32 | >128 | + | − | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pm-4 | 195 |
02-CF-FM-16 | Chicken | Feces | Y | G | Gyeonggi | 2014 | 16 | 32 | >32 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-18 | 124 |
02-CF-FM-21 | Chicken | Feces | X | D | Gyeonggi | 2014 | 16 | >32 | >32 | >128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pm-5 | 195 |
06-CF-FM-25 | Chicken | Feces | P | F | Jeonbuk | 2014 | 8 | 32 | 32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | N130K | − | pm-19 | 1706 |
06-CF-FM-28 | Chicken | Feces | H | F | Jeonbuk | 2014 | 16 | >32 | >32 | >128 | + | − | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pm-3 | 1171 |
14-CF-FM-31 | Chicken | Feces | I | P | Incheon | 2014 | 16 | 32 | >32 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-13 | 32, CC17 |
05-BM-FM-32 | Cattle | Carcasses | D | I | Chungnam | 2014 | 8 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | − | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-14 | 491, CC17 |
05-CM-FM-35 | Chicken | Carcasses | G | K | Chungnam | 2014 | 16 | 32 | >32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-1 | 1707 |
05-CM-FM-36 | Chicken | Carcasses | AD | K | Chungnam | 2014 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-1 | 1707 |
04-CM-FM-39 | Chicken | Carcasses | F | C | Chungbuk | 2015 | 8 | >32 | >32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-2 | 12 |
06-CF-FM-41 | Chicken | Feces | S | F | Jeonbuk | 2015 | 8 | >32 | >32 | 32 | − | + | − | WT | WT | N130K | − | pm-10 | 195 |
06-CF-FM-42 | Chicken | Feces | AG | F | Jeonbuk | 2015 | 8 | >32 | >32 | 128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-11 | 237 |
06-BM-FM-43 | Cattle | Carcasses | V | J | Jeonbuk | 2015 | 8 | >32 | >32 | >128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-11 | 237 |
14-CF-FM-44 | Chicken | Feces | E | P | Incheon | 2015 | 8 | 32 | >32 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-12 | 1704 |
04-CF-FM-51 | Chicken | Feces | AE | C | Chungbuk | 2015 | 8 | 32 | 32 | ≤2 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pm-7 | 56 |
06-CM-FM-52 | Chicken | Carcasses | AF | F | Jeonbuk | 2015 | 8 | 32 | >32 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-15 | 1708 |
14-CF-FM-53 | Chicken | Feces | U | P | Incheon | 2015 | 8 | 32 | >32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-26 | Unidentified b |
04-CF-FM-55 | Chicken | Feces | AA | C | Chungbuk | 2016 | 8 | 32 | >32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pm-28 | 195 |
09-CF-FM-60 | Chicken | Feces | J | A | Gyeongnam | 2016 | 16 | 32 | >32 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-16 | 121, CC17 |
09-CF-FM-62 | Chicken | Feces | R | A | Gyeongnam | 2016 | 8 | 8 | 16 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-21 | 240 |
14-CF-FM-66 | Chicken | Feces | AH | P | Incheon | 2016 | 8 | >32 | >32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | N130K | − | pm-8 | 1705 |
07-DF-FM-50 | Duck | Feces | T | O | Jeonnam | 2016 | 8 | 32 | 32 | 2 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pm-23 | 120 |
07-DF-FM-29-1 | Duck | Feces | B | N | Jeonnam | 2016 | 8 | >32 | >32 | 128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pm-22 | 157 |
07-DF-FM-31 | Duck | Feces | B | N | Jeonnam | 2016 | 8 | 8 | 16 | >128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | N130K | + | pm-17 | 14 |
07-DM-FM-20 | Duck | Carcasses | M | O | Jeonnam | 2016 | 8 | 32 | 32 | 128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | N130K | − | pm-24 | 8 |
07-DM-FM-37 | Duck | Carcasses | AC | O | Jeonnam | 2016 | 8 | 32 | 32 | 2 | + | + | − | WT | WT | N130K | − | pm-25 | 520 |
07-DM-FM-46-1 | Duck | Carcasses | AB | N | Jeonnam | 2016 | 8 | 32 | >32 | 128 | − | − | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pm-29 | 157 |
E. faecalis (n = 5) | |||||||||||||||||||
02-CM-FC-24 | Chicken | Carcasses | Q | D | Gyeonggi | 2015 | 16 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pc-1 | 21 |
07-DM-FC-47 | Duck | Carcasses | C | M | Jeonnam | 2016 | 8 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | − | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pc-5 | 288 |
13-CF-FC-55 | Chicken | Feces | L | E | Daegu | 2018 | 8 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | + | pc-4 | 834 |
13-CM-FC-56 | Chicken | Carcasses | L | E | Daegu | 2018 | 8 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pc-3 | 834 |
07-DM-FC-64 | Duck | Carcasses | N | L | Jeonnam | 2018 | 8 | >32 | >32 | 128 | + | + | − | WT | WT | WT | − | pc-2 | 21 |
Transconjugant | Donor Species | Donor Host | Transferred Resistance Genes | MICs (µg/mL) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
poxtA | optrA | fexA | LNZ | CHL | FFC | VAN | ERY | DAP | AMP | GEN | SYN | TET | TGC | CIP | STR | |||
CF-FM10-1BM | E. faecium | Chicken | + | + | + | 16 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | ≤1 | 4 | 2 | ≤128 | 2 | ≤2 | ≤0.12 | 2 | ≤128 |
CF-FM15-1BM | E. faecium | Chicken | + | + | − | 16 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | ≤1 | 4 | 2 | ≤128 | ≤2 | ≤2 | 0.25 | 4 | ≤128 |
CF-FM21-1BM | E. faecium | Chicken | + | + | + | 16 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | ≤1 | 4 | 2 | ≤128 | 4 | ≤2 | ≤0.12 | 2 | ≤128 |
CF-FM28-1BM | E. faecium | Chicken | + | + | − | 16 | >32 | >32 | ≤2 | 8 | 4 | 2 | ≤128 | 4 | ≤2 | ≤0.12 | 2 | ≤128 |
CF-FM51-1BM | E. faecium | Chicken | + | − | − | 8 | 32 | >32 | 4 | ≤1 | 4 | 2 | ≤128 | ≤1 | ≤2 | 0.25 | 2 | ≤128 |
CF-FM55-1BM | E. faecium | Chicken | + | − | − | 8 | 32 | 32 | ≤2 | ≤1 | 4 | 2 | ≤128 | ≤1 | >128 | 0.25 | 2 | ≤128 |
DF-FM50-1BM | E. faecium | Duck | + | − | − | 8 | 32 | >32 | 4 | 2 | 4 | ≤1 | ≤128 | ≤1 | ≤2 | 0.25 | 4 | ≤128 |
DF-FM31-1BM | E. faecium | Duck | + | − | − | 8 | 8 | 32 | ≤2 | ≤1 | 4 | ≤1 | ≤128 | ≤1 | ≤2 | ≤0.12 | 2 | ≤128 |
DM-FM46-1-1BM | E. faecium | Duck | + | − | − | 8 | 32 | >32 | ≤2 | ≤1 | 4 | ≤1 | ≤128 | ≤1 | ≤2 | 0.25 | 2 | ≤128 |
CF-FC55-7FA | E. faecalis | Chicken | + | + | + | 8 | >32 | >32 | 4 | 8 | 2 | ≤1 | ≤128 | 8 | ≤2 | ≤0.12 | 1 | ≤128 |
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Na, S.-H.; Moon, D.-C.; Kim, M.-H.; Kang, H.-Y.; Kim, S.-J.; Choi, J.-H.; Mechesso, A.-F.; Yoon, S.-S.; Lim, S.-K. Detection of the Phenicol–Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Food-Producing Animals during 2008–2018 in Korea. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1839. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111839
Na S-H, Moon D-C, Kim M-H, Kang H-Y, Kim S-J, Choi J-H, Mechesso A-F, Yoon S-S, Lim S-K. Detection of the Phenicol–Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Food-Producing Animals during 2008–2018 in Korea. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(11):1839. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111839
Chicago/Turabian StyleNa, Seok-Hyeon, Dong-Chan Moon, Mi-Hyun Kim, Hee-Young Kang, Su-Jeong Kim, Ji-Hyun Choi, Abraham-Fikru Mechesso, Soon-Seek Yoon, and Suk-Kyung Lim. 2020. "Detection of the Phenicol–Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Food-Producing Animals during 2008–2018 in Korea" Microorganisms 8, no. 11: 1839. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111839
APA StyleNa, S.-H., Moon, D.-C., Kim, M.-H., Kang, H.-Y., Kim, S.-J., Choi, J.-H., Mechesso, A.-F., Yoon, S.-S., & Lim, S.-K. (2020). Detection of the Phenicol–Oxazolidinone Resistance Gene poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Food-Producing Animals during 2008–2018 in Korea. Microorganisms, 8(11), 1839. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111839