Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Beef Cattle in Yunnan Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Sampling Area
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. PCR Amplification
2.4. Sequence Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium Species
3.2. Identification of Cryptosporidium Species
3.3. Subtyping of Cryptosporidium spp.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Geographical Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Climate | Rainfall in 2024 (mm) | No. of Samples | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simmental Cattle | Brahman Cattle | Aberdeen Angus Cattle | Yunnan Yellow Cattle | Dulong Cattle | Hereford Cattle | ||||||
Baoshan | 98°98′ E, 25°18′ N | 730–1800 | Subtropical | 1060 | 201 | - | - | - | - | - | 201 |
Dehong | 98°48′ E, 24°33′ N | 835–2800 | Subtropical | 1110 | 85 | - | - | 79 | - | - | 164 |
Kunming | 102°9′ E, 25°63′ N | 2100–2900 | Subtropical | 720 | 130 | - | - | - | 31 | - | 161 |
Xishuangbanna | 101°55′ E, 21°52′ N | 640–1200 | Tropical | 1441 | - | 106 | - | - | - | - | 106 |
Lincang | 99°95′ E, 24°14′ N | 740–1400 | Subtropical | 1037 | - | - | 82 | - | - | 21 | 103 |
Total | - | - | 416 | 106 | 82 | 79 | 31 | 21 | 735 |
Variable | Category | No. Tested | No. Positive | Prevalence (%) (95% CI) | OR (95%, CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Baoshan | 201 | 84 | 41.8 (34.91–48.67) | 18.3 (6.49–51.67) | <0.01 |
Dehong | 164 | 11 | 6.7 (2.84–10.58) | 1.83 (0.57–5.92) | ||
Kunming | 161 | 46 | 28.6 (21.52–35.62) | 10.2 (3.55–29.32) | ||
Xishuangbanna | 106 | 4 | 3.8 (0.09–7.46) | Reference | ||
Lincang | 103 | 20 | 19.4 (11.65–27.19) | 6.1 (2.02–18.68) | ||
Breed | Simmental cattle | 416 | 137 | 32.9 (28.40–37.45) | 14.7 (1.99–109.16) | <0.01 |
Brahman cattle | 106 | 4 | 3.8 (0.09–7.46) | 1.2 (0.13–10.93) | ||
Aberdeen Angus cattle | 82 | 20 | 24.4 (14.90–33.88) | 9.7 (1.24–75.56) | ||
Yunnan Yellow cattle | 79 | 3 | 3.8 (−0.51–8.11) | 1.2 (0.12–11.84) | ||
Dulong cattle | 31 | 1 | 3.2 (−3.36–9.81) | Reference | ||
Hereford cattle | 21 | - | - | - | ||
Age | Pre-weaned (0–60 days) | 29 | 18 | 62.1(43.29–80.85) | 19.7 (8.64–45.04) | <0.01 |
Post-weaned (61–180 days) | 57 | 30 | 52.6 (39.27–66.00) | 13.4 (7.18–25.00) | ||
Juvenile cattle (7–18 months) | 192 | 82 | 42.7 (35.64–49.77) | 9.0 (5.74–14.07) | ||
Adult cattle (>18 months) | 457 | 35 | 7.7 (5.21–10.11) | Reference | ||
Sex | Male | 404 | 113 | 28.0 (23.57–32.37) | 2.1 (1.44–3.01) | <0.01 |
Female | 331 | 52 | 15.7 (11.77–19.65) | Reference | ||
Total | 735 | 165 | 22.4 (19.42–25.47) | - | - |
FACTORS | CATEGORY | CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPECIES | CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SUBTYPES | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. andersoni | C. bovis | C. ryanae | |||
REGION | Baoshan | C. andersoni (76), C. bovis (6), C. ryanae (1), C. occulutus (1) | A4A4A4A1 (16) | XXVId (1), XXVIe (1) | - |
Dehong | C. andersoni (8), C. ryanae (2), C. bovis (1) | A1A4A4A1 (2) | - | - | |
Kunming | C. andersoni (38), C. bovis (4), C. ryanae (4) | A5A4A4A1 (11), A4A4A2A1 (8), A4A4A4A1 (4) | XXVIc (4) | XXIb (4) | |
Xishuangbanna | C. andersoni (4) | A4A4A2A1 (1) | - | - | |
Lincang | C. andersoni (20) | A4A4A4A1 (3) | - | - | |
BREED | Simmental cattle | C.andersoni (119), C. bovis (11), C. ryanae (6), C. occulutus (1) | A4A4A4A1 (20), A5A4A4A1 (11), A4A4A2A1 (8), A1A4A4A1 (2) | XXVIc (4), XXVId (1), XXVIe (1) | XXIb (4) |
Brahman cattle | C. andersoni (4) | A4A4A2A1 (1) | - | - | |
Aberdeen Angus cattle | C. andersoni (20) | A4A4A4A1 (3) | - | - | |
Yunnan Yellow cattle | C. andersoni (2), C. ryanae (1) | - | - | - | |
Dulong cattle | C. andersoni (1) | - | - | - | |
Hereford cattle | - | - | - | - | |
AGE | Pre-weaned (0–60 days) | C. andersoni (12), C. bovis (3), C. ryanae (3) | A4A4A2A1 (3), A5A4A4A1 (2) | XXVIc (3) | XXIb (3) |
Post-weaned (61–180 days) | C. andersoni (27), C. ryanae (2), C. bovis (1) | A5A4A4A1 (8), A4A4A4A1 (6), A4A4A2A1 (2) | XXVIc (1) | XXIb (1) | |
Juvenile cattle (7–18 months) | C. andersoni (78), C. bovis (3), C.occulutus (1) | A4A4A4A1 (16), A5A4A4A1 (1) | XXVId (1), XXVIe (1) | - | |
Adult cattle (>18 months) | C. andersoni (29), C. bovis (4), C. ryanae (2) | A4A4A2A1 (4), A1A4A4A1 (2), A4A4A4A1 (1) | - | - | |
SEX | Male | C. andersoni (104), C. bovis (5), C. ryanae (3), C.occulutus (1) | A4A4A4A1 (20), A5A4A4A1 (6), A4A4A2A1 (2) | XXVIc (2), XXVId (1), XXVIe (1) | XXIb (2) |
Female | C. andersoni (42), C. bovis (6), C. ryanae (4) | A4A4A2A1 (7), A5A4A4A1 (5), A4A4A4A1 (3), A1A4A4A1 (2) | XXVIc (2) | XXIb (2) | |
TOTAL | C.andersoni (146), C. bovis (11), C. ryanae (7), C. occulutus (1) | A4A4A4A1 (23), A5A4A4A1 (11), A4A4A2A1 (9), A1A4A4A1 (2) | XXVIc (4), XXVId (1), XXVIe (1) | XXIb (4) |
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Li, D.; Li, L.; Yang, J.; He, J.; Zou, F.; Shu, F. Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Beef Cattle in Yunnan Province, China. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040834
Li D, Li L, Yang J, He J, Zou F, Shu F. Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Beef Cattle in Yunnan Province, China. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(4):834. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040834
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Dongxu, Liujia Li, Jianfa Yang, Junjun He, Fengcai Zou, and Fanfan Shu. 2025. "Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Beef Cattle in Yunnan Province, China" Microorganisms 13, no. 4: 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040834
APA StyleLi, D., Li, L., Yang, J., He, J., Zou, F., & Shu, F. (2025). Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Beef Cattle in Yunnan Province, China. Microorganisms, 13(4), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040834