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Systematic Review

A Systematic Literature Review on PHM Strategies for (Hydraulic) Primary Flight Control Actuation Systems

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Actuators 2025, 14(8), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14080382 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 25 June 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 31 July 2025 / Published: 2 August 2025

Abstract

Prognostic and Health Management (PHM) strategies are gaining increasingly more traction in almost every field of engineering, offering stakeholders advanced capabilities in system monitoring, anomaly detection, and predictive maintenance. Primary flight control actuators are safety-critical elements within aircraft flight control systems (FCSs), and currently, they are mainly based on Electro-Hydraulic Actuators (EHAs) or Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHSAs). Despite the widespread diffusion of PHM methodologies, the application of these technologies for EHAs is still somewhat limited, and the available information is often restricted to the industrial sector. To fill this gap, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art EHA PHM strategies for aerospace applications, as well as their limitations and further developments through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). An objective and clear methodology, combined with the use of attractive and informative graphics, guides the reader towards a thorough investigation of the state of the art, as well as the challenges in the field that limit a wider implementation. It is deemed that the information presented in this review will be useful for new researchers and industry engineers as it provides indications for conducting research in this specific and still not very investigated sector.
Keywords: electro-hydraulic actuators; flight controls; prognostics and health management; systematic literature review; PICOC; PRISMA electro-hydraulic actuators; flight controls; prognostics and health management; systematic literature review; PICOC; PRISMA

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MDPI and ACS Style

Baldo, L.; De Martin, A.; Jacazio, G.; Sorli, M. A Systematic Literature Review on PHM Strategies for (Hydraulic) Primary Flight Control Actuation Systems. Actuators 2025, 14, 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14080382

AMA Style

Baldo L, De Martin A, Jacazio G, Sorli M. A Systematic Literature Review on PHM Strategies for (Hydraulic) Primary Flight Control Actuation Systems. Actuators. 2025; 14(8):382. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14080382

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baldo, Leonardo, Andrea De Martin, Giovanni Jacazio, and Massimo Sorli. 2025. "A Systematic Literature Review on PHM Strategies for (Hydraulic) Primary Flight Control Actuation Systems" Actuators 14, no. 8: 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14080382

APA Style

Baldo, L., De Martin, A., Jacazio, G., & Sorli, M. (2025). A Systematic Literature Review on PHM Strategies for (Hydraulic) Primary Flight Control Actuation Systems. Actuators, 14(8), 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14080382

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