Reemerging Influenza Virus Infections during the Dominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Mexico
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Murillo-Zamora, E.; Trujillo, X.; Huerta, M.; Rios-Silva, M.; Guzman-Esquivel, J.; Benites-Godinez, V.; Mendoza-Cano, O. Survival in Influenza Virus-Related Pneumonia by Viral Subtype: 2016–2020. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021, 112, 288–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, P.; Xu, M.; Lu, L.; Ma, A.; Cao, L.; Su, L.; Dong, N.; Jia, R.; Zhu, X.; Xu, J. The Changing Pattern of Common Respiratory and Enteric Viruses among Outpatient Children in Shanghai, China: Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Med. Virol. 2022, 94, 4696–4703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, Y.; Shaman, J.; Pei, S. Quantifying the Impact of Covid-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Influenza Transmission in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 2021, 224, 1500–1508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Government of Mexico. Comprehensive Report on COVID-19 in Mexico (Number 08-2022). Available online: https://epidemiologia.salud.gob.mx/gobmx/salud/documentos/covid19/info-08-22-int_covid-19.pdf (accessed on 3 September 2022).
- Cao, Y.; Wang, J.; Jian, F.; Xiao, T.; Song, W.; Yisimayi, A.; Huang, W.; Li, Q.; Wang, P.; An, R.; et al. Omicron Escapes the Majority of Existing SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Nature 2022, 602, 657–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- General Directorate of Epidemiology of Mexico. Genomic Surveillance Report of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Mexico, National and State Distribution of Variants as of 4 April 2022. Available online: https://coronavirus.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2022.04.04-varientes-covid-mx.pdf (accessed on 28 August 2022).
- Fernandes-Matano, L.; Monroy-Munoz, I.E.; Bermudez de Leon, M.; Leal-Herrera, Y.A.; Palomec-Nava, Y.D.; Ruiz-Pacheco, J.A.; Escobedo-Guajardo, B.L.; Marin-Budip, C.; Santacruz-Tinoco, C.E.; Gonzalez-Ibarra, J.; et al. Analysis of Influenza Data Generated by Four Epidemiological Surveillance Laboratories in Mexico, 2010–2016. Epidemiol. Infect. 2019, 147, e183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Shen, C.; Luo, J.; Yu, W. Decreased Incidence of Influenza During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2022, 15, 2957–2962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murillo-Zamora, E.; Guzman-Esquivel, J.; Sanchez-Pina, R.A.; Cedeno-Laurent, G.; Delgado-Enciso, I.; Mendoza-Cano, O. Physical Distancing Reduced the Incidence of Influenza and Supports a Favorable Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Spread in Mexico. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 2020, 14, 953–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeoh, D.K.; Foley, D.A.; Minney-Smith, C.A.; Martin, A.C.; Mace, A.O.; Sikazwe, C.T.; Le, H.; Levy, A.; Blyth, C.C.; Moore, H.C. Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Public Health Measures on Detections of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children during the 2020 Australian Winter. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 72, 2199–2202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suarez, V.; Suarez Quezada, M.; Oros Ruiz, S.; Ronquillo de Jesus, E. Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Mexico: From the 27th of February to the 30th of April 2020. Rev. Clin. Esp. 2020, 220, 463–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moncion, K.; Young, K.; Tunis, M.; Rempel, S.; Stirling, R.; Zhao, L. Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene Practices in Preventing Influenza Virus Infection in the Community Setting: A Systematic Review. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 2019, 45, 12–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagatsuma, K.; Koolhof, I.S.; Saito, R. Was the Reduction in Seasonal Influenza Transmission during 2020 Attributable to Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Contain Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan? Viruses 2022, 14, 1417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuehn, B.M. Influenza Vaccination Increased during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA 2021, 326, 2465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menni, C.; Valdes, A.M.; Polidori, L.; Antonelli, M.; Penamakuri, S.; Nogal, A.; Louca, P.; May, A.; Figueiredo, J.C.; Hu, C.; et al. Symptom Prevalence, Duration, and Risk of Hospital Admission in Individuals Infected with Sars-Cov-2 during Periods of Omicron and Delta Variant Dominance: A Prospective Observational Study from the Zoe Covid Study. Lancet 2022, 399, 1618–1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, S.; Ruktanonchai, N.W.; Zhou, L.; Prosper, O.; Luo, W.; Floyd, J.R.; Wesolowski, A.; Santillana, M.; Zhang, C.; Du, X.; et al. Effect of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Contain COVID-19 in China. Nature 2020, 585, 410–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flaxman, S.; Mishra, S.; Gandy, A.; Unwin, H.J.T.; Mellan, T.A.; Coupland, H.; Whittaker, C.; Zhu, H.; Berah, T.; Eaton, J.W.; et al. Estimating the Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Covid-19 in Europe. Nature 2020, 584, 257–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merced-Morales, A.; Daly, P.; Abd Elal, A.I.; Ajayi, N.; Annan, E.; Budd, A.; Barnes, J.; Colon, A.; Cummings, C.N.; Iuliano, A.D.; et al. Influenza Activity and Composition of the 2022–2023 Influenza Vaccine—United States, 2021–2022 Season. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2022, 71, 913–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz-Matus, C.; Kuri-Morales, P.; Narro-Robles, J. Behavior of Influenza Seasons in Mexico from 2010 to 2016: Analysis and Prospective. Gac. Med. Mex. 2017, 153, 205–213. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Pan American Health Organization. Regional Update, Influenza. Epidemiological Week 37 (28 September 2022). Available online: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/56485 (accessed on 8 October 2022).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020–2021 Flu Season Summary. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/season/faq-flu-season-2020-2021.htm#anchor_1627000307956 (accessed on 3 September 2022).
Characteristic | Overall, n (%) | Flu Season, n (%) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019–2020 | 2021–2022 | ||||||
Gender | |||||||
Female | 3099 | (54.8) | 2633 | (54.5) | 466 | (57.1) | 0.158 |
Male | 2553 | (45.2) | 2203 | (45.5) | 350 | (42.9) | |
Age group (years) | |||||||
0 to 9 | 997 | (17.6) | 955 | 19.8 | 42 | 5.2 | <0.001 |
10 to 19 | 504 | (8.9) | 452 | 9.4 | 52 | 6.4 | |
20 to 39 | 2371 | (42.0) | 1927 | 39.9 | 444 | 54.4 | |
40 to 59 | 1122 | (19.9) | 972 | 20.1 | 150 | 18.4 | |
60 or above | 658 | (11.6) | 530 | 11.0 | 128 | 15.7 | |
Flu-vaccinated a | |||||||
No | 4710 | (83.3) | 3979 | 82.3 | 731 | 89.6 | <0.001 |
Yes | 942 | (16.7) | 857 | 17.7 | 85 | 10.4 | |
Pneumonia b | |||||||
No | 5051 | (89.4) | 4292 | 88.75 | 759 | 93.01 | <0.001 |
Yes | 601 | (10.6) | 544 | 11.25 | 57 | 6.99 | |
Hospital admission | |||||||
No | 3197 | (56.6) | 2610 | 54.0 | 587 | 71.9 | <0.001 |
Yes | 2455 | (43.4) | 2226 | 46.0 | 229 | 28.1 | |
Disease outcome | |||||||
Recovery | 5362 | (94.9) | 4591 | 94.9 | 771 | 94.5 | 0.591 |
Death | 290 | (5.1) | 245 | 5.1 | 45 | 5.5 |
Characteristic | RR (95% CI), p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate Analysis | Multiple Analysis | |||
Gender | ||||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Male | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.004 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.004 |
Age group (years) | ||||
0 to 9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
10 to 19 | 0.99 (0.98–1.02) | 0.974 | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.765 |
20 to 39 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.846 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.693 |
40 to 59 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 |
60 or above | 1.23 (1.21–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.20–1.27) | <0.001 |
Influenza season of symptom onset a | ||||
2019–2020 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
2021–2022 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.588 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.211 |
Flu-vaccinated b | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <0.001 |
Identified virus subtype | ||||
AH1N1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
AH3N2 | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <0.001 |
A non-typified | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | 0.272 | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 0.161 |
B Victoria lineage | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <0.001 |
B Yamagata lineage | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.128 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.046 |
B non-typified | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.262 | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.335 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ríos-Silva, M.; Trujillo, X.; Huerta, M.; Benites-Godínez, V.; Guzmán-Esquivel, J.; Bricio-Barrios, J.A.; Mendoza-Cano, O.; Lugo-Radillo, A.; Murillo-Zamora, E. Reemerging Influenza Virus Infections during the Dominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Mexico. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101181
Ríos-Silva M, Trujillo X, Huerta M, Benites-Godínez V, Guzmán-Esquivel J, Bricio-Barrios JA, Mendoza-Cano O, Lugo-Radillo A, Murillo-Zamora E. Reemerging Influenza Virus Infections during the Dominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Mexico. Pathogens. 2022; 11(10):1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101181
Chicago/Turabian StyleRíos-Silva, Mónica, Xóchitl Trujillo, Miguel Huerta, Verónica Benites-Godínez, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Agustín Lugo-Radillo, and Efrén Murillo-Zamora. 2022. "Reemerging Influenza Virus Infections during the Dominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Mexico" Pathogens 11, no. 10: 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101181
APA StyleRíos-Silva, M., Trujillo, X., Huerta, M., Benites-Godínez, V., Guzmán-Esquivel, J., Bricio-Barrios, J. A., Mendoza-Cano, O., Lugo-Radillo, A., & Murillo-Zamora, E. (2022). Reemerging Influenza Virus Infections during the Dominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Mexico. Pathogens, 11(10), 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101181