Screening for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) in Pregnant Women in the Peruvian Amazon and Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of HTLV Infection in Peru
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. HTLV Infection in Pregnant Women
2.2. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of HTLV Infection in Peru
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Type of Study and Study Period
4.2. Study Population and Data Collection
4.3. Data Analysis
4.4. Ethical Considerations
4.5. Literature Review of the Prevalence of HTLV Infection in Peru
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Age, Years | Gestational Age (Days) | Type of Pregnancy | Residence | HTLV-1/2 | Proviral Load (Copy /1000 Cell) | Strongyloides Serology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 19 | 88 | Primipara | Urban | HTLV-1 | Not available | Positive |
2 | 35 | 181 | Multipara | Urban | HTLV-1 | 950 | Negative |
3 | 20 | 233 | Multipara | Urban | HTLV-1 | Undetectable | Negative |
4 | 20 | 274 | Primipara | Periurban | HTLV-1 | <10 | Negative |
5 | 19 | 63 | Multipara | Periurban | HTLV-1 | 3324 | Positive |
Study ID | Setting(s)/ (Department) | Population | Prevalence HTLV-1 | Diagnostic Procedure |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phillips 1991 [17] | Peru | 552 HIV: 495 men and 57 women | 18.6% men 5.3% women | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience) -Western blot (DuPont) -RIPA |
Wignall 1992 [11] | Callao (Lima) Iquitos | 395 sex workers in Callao 72 sex workers in Iquitos 510 women attended in antenatal clinic in Lima | 21.8% 4.2% 3.1% | -EIA (Cambridge Bioscience; Worchester, MA) -Western blot (DuPont; Wilmington, DE) -RIPA |
Gottuzo 1992 [13] | Lima | 111 men with HIV | 18% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience Worcester, Mass) -Western blot (DuPont, Wilmington, Del) |
Hyams 1993 [18] | Callao (Lima) | 966 sex workers | 17.6% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscence, Worcester, MA, USA) -Western blot (DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA) -RIPA |
Gotuzzo 1994 [19] | Lima | 400 sex workers | 7% | -ELISA (Genetic Systems, Seattle). -Western blot (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) |
Trujillo 1996 [20] | Lima | 158 sex workers | 3.8% | -ELISA (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) -Western blot (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) |
Gotuzzo 1996 [21] | Lima | 407 (280 women and 127 men) Japanese migrants and their children in Peru | 6.8% women 3.2% men | -ELISA (Gentic Systems, Seattle, WA) -Western blot (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) |
Zurita 1997 [22] | Quillabamba and Cuzco | 370 volunteers 211 pregnant 51 sex workers 48 MSM 47 associated with ITS | 5.1% 2.3% 13.7% 6.2% 8.5% | -ELISA (Genetic Systems, Seattle, WA) -Western blot (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) |
Garrido 1997 [23] | Pisco–Ica | 54 MSM 32 Sex workers | 1.9% 10.4% | -ELISA (Genetic Systems, Seattle) -Western blot (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) |
Muñoz 1997 [24] | Lima | 298 non-intravenous drug users | 2.3% | -ELISA (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) -Western blot (Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) |
Medeot 1999 [16] | Peruvian Amazon | 456 participants | 0.44% | -Particle agglutination (PA) technique (Serodia; Fujirebio, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) -IFA -Western blot (Problot-HTLV-1; Fujirebio, Inc) |
Fujiyoshi 1999 [25] | Peru | 66 participants from the Aymara ethnic group | 1.6% | -Particle agglutination (PA) (Serodia HTLV-1, Fujirebio, Tokyo, Japan) -Western blot (HTLV Blot 2.3/HTLV Blot 2.4; Diagnostic Biotechnology, Singapore) |
Zunt 1999 [26] | Callao (Lima) | 255 sex workers | 13% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, MA) -Western blot (Cambridge Bioscience) |
Gotuzzo 1999 [27] | Lima | 21 Strongyloides hyperinfection patients 21 healthy controls 62 patients with intestinal Strongyloides infection | 85.7% 4.7% 9.7% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, MA) -Western blot (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) |
Garcia 2002 [28] | Lima | 400 prisoners (EPCROL) 400 participants from Puente de Piedra Hospital (Lima) | 1.5% 0.75% | -ELISA -Western blot |
Zunt 2002 [29] | Lima | 1119 sex workers | 8.7% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience) -Western blot (Cambridge Bioscience) |
Sanchez-Palacios 2003 [30] | Huanta El Carmen Lima | 568 women | 2.5% | -ELISA (Platelia HTLV-I New, Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Paris, France) -IFA (California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA, USA) -RIBA (Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA, USA) -Western blot (WB, Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA, USA) -PCR (Belgium, AM Vandamme) |
Verdonck 2004 [31] | Lima | 193 tuberculosis patients | 7.3% | -ELISA -Western blot |
Montano 2004 [32] | Lima | 67 children exposed to HTLV-1 | 18% | -ELISA (Platelia HTLV-1; Sanofi Pasteur) -Western blot (Genelabs Diagnostics) |
Juscamaita 2004 [33] | Huamanga (Ayacucho) | 602 pregnant women 85 sex workers 74 MSM | 0.5% 0% 0% | -ELISA (Vironostika) -Inno-LIA HTLV I/II score (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) |
Blas 2005 [34] | Lima | 23 Norwegian scabies patients | 69.6% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, MA) -Western immunoblot (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) |
Laguna-Torres 2005 [35] | Lima y Cuzco | 351 multi-transfused patients | 3.1% | -ELISA (Vironostika) -lmmunoblot techniques (HTLV blot 2.4 Genelabs Diagnostic) |
Alarcon 2006 [36] | Lima | 2492 pregnant women | 1.7% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience Corp, Worcester, MA) -Western blot (Cambridge Bioscience Corp) |
Zunt 2006 [37] | 6 Peruvian cities (Arequipa, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Lima, Piura and Sullana) | 2073 MSM | 2.1% | -ELISA (Vironostika) -Western blot (HTLV-I/II blot 2.4; Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) |
Zunt 2006 [38] | Lima | 53 myelopathy patients | 81% | -ELISA (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, MA) -Western blot (Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) |
Gotuzzo 2007 [39] | Lima | 370 descendants of mothers infected with HTLV-1 | 19% (there were 641 descendants, but only 370 agreed to be tested) | -ELISA (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, France; Bio-Rad Laboratories, U.S.A.; or Cambridge Biotech, USA) -Western blot (Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) or (Innogenetics, Belgium) |
Verdonck 2007 [40] | Lima | 311 tuberculosis patients | 5.8% | -ELISA (Ortho y Platelia) -Inno-LIA |
Verdonck 2008 [41] | Lima | 1233 relatives of people infected with HTLV-1 | 32% 20% (confirmed WB or immunoassay) | -ELISA (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-la-Coquette, France; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA; or Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA, USA) -Western blot (Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) |
Quispe 2009 [10] | Arequipa | 2732 blood donors | 1.2% | -ELISA (Vironostika HTLV-I/II, BioMerieux, France) -BioELISA HTLV-I+II (BioKit S.A., Spain) -Western blot (WB 2.4, Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) |
La Rosa 2009 [42] | Arequipa, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Lima, Piura, Sullana | 2655 MSM | 1.8% | -ELISA (Vironostika) -Western blot (HTLV-I/II blot 2.4; Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) |
Collins 2009 [43] | Lima | 1456 HIV patients | 5% | -EIA (Sanofi Pasteur, France or Abbott, USA) -Western blot (Cambridge Biotech, USA or DAVIH-Blot, Cuba) |
Delgado 2011 [44] | Lima | 44 herpes zoster patients | 5% | -ELISA (Ortho) |
Alva 2012 [14] | 10 indigenous groups in the Amazon less than 12 h by boat from 4 ports: Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas y Puerto Maldonado | 638 participants | 1.9% | -ELISA (Vironostika, NC) -Western blot (HTLV-1/2 Blot 2.4; Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) |
Carcamo 2012 [45] | 24 cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Branch of the PREVENT trial | 1530 serum samples from participants aged 18 to 29 years old | 0.3% | -ELISA (Vironostika, Durham, NC, USA) -Western blot 2·4 (Genelabs Diagnostics, Science Park, Singapore) |
Mayer 2013 [46] | Lima | 893 adults (428 close relatives of a person with HTLV-1 infection, 118 with neurological disorder, 160 with strongyloidiasis, and 181 others) | 26.4% | -ELISA (Murex, Ortho y Platelia) -Western blot -Inno-LIA |
Blas 2013 [47] | Lima and Pucallpa | 1253 women of the Shipibo-Konibo ethnic group | 5.9% | -HTLV ELISA (Vironostika, North Carolina) -Western blot (HTLV-1/2 Blot 2.4, Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) |
Ita 2014 [48] | Provinces of Cangallo, Vilcashuaman and Parinacochas (Ayacucho) | 397 participants | 2.8% | -ELISA HTLV I+II Murex Biotech Ltd., Dartford, UK. -HTLV-I/HTLV-II Ab.capture ELISA test system (Ortho Clinical Diagnostic, Amersham, UK) -Inno-LIA HTLV-I/II Score (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) -Western blot HTLV Blot 2.4 (MP Diagnostics, Singapore) |
Stewart 2017 [49] | Callao (Lima) | 1918 sex workers (n = 1477 in period 1, n = 62 in period 2, and n = 379 in period 3) | 9.6% | -HTLV EIA (Cambridge Bioscence, Worcester, MA) -Western blot (Cambridge Bioscence) -Vironostika HTLV I/II Microelisa System, Organon Teknika/Biomérieux, Durham, NC -HTLV I/II Western blots (Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore) -Bioelisa HTLV I/II 5.0, Biokit, Barcelona, Spain -HTLV I/II score; Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium |
Ramirez-Soto 2018 [50] | Abancay | 2895 blood samples | 3.4% | -ELISA (Biokit, Barcelona, Spain) |
Cabezas 2020 [15] | Requena (Loreto) | 806 participants (adults and children) | 0.6% | -ELISA (bioELISA) -LIA (Inmunogenetic) |
Ramos et al. (present study) | Iquitos | 300 pregnant women | 1.7% | -ELISA (HTLV I+II ELISA recombinante v.4.0, Wiener lab, Rosario, Argentina) |
Population Group | Pooled Prevalence | 95% CI | I2% |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnant women | 0.025 | 0.012–0.040 | 90.7 |
Sex workers | 0.093 | 0.056–0.137 | 92.9 |
HIV infection | 0.104 | 0.013–0.64 | 94.8 |
Men who have sex with men | 0.033 | 0.009–0.069 | 97.1 |
Relatives/descendants of HTLV patients | 0.225 | 0.155–0.304 | 94.7 |
Strongyloides infections | 0.300 | 0.003–0.792 | 96 |
Tuberculosis | 0.065 | 0.045–0.088 | 0 |
Blood donors | 0.021 | 0.005–0.048 | 96.8 |
General population | 0.029 | 0.012–0.053 | 95.4 |
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Ramos-Rincón, J.-M.; Ortiz-Martínez, S.; Vásquez-Chasnamote, M.-E.; de-Miguel-Balsa, E.; Gamboa-Paredes, O.-N.; Talledo-Albujar, M.-J.; López-Campana, G.; Celis-Salinas, J.C.; Prieto-Pérez, L.; Górgolas-Hernández, M.; et al. Screening for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) in Pregnant Women in the Peruvian Amazon and Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of HTLV Infection in Peru. Pathogens 2021, 10, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030260
Ramos-Rincón J-M, Ortiz-Martínez S, Vásquez-Chasnamote M-E, de-Miguel-Balsa E, Gamboa-Paredes O-N, Talledo-Albujar M-J, López-Campana G, Celis-Salinas JC, Prieto-Pérez L, Górgolas-Hernández M, et al. Screening for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) in Pregnant Women in the Peruvian Amazon and Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of HTLV Infection in Peru. Pathogens. 2021; 10(3):260. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030260
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos-Rincón, José-Manuel, Sonia Ortiz-Martínez, María-Esteyner Vásquez-Chasnamote, Eva de-Miguel-Balsa, Olga-Nohelia Gamboa-Paredes, Michael-John Talledo-Albujar, Giovanni López-Campana, Juan Carlos Celis-Salinas, Laura Prieto-Pérez, Miguel Górgolas-Hernández, and et al. 2021. "Screening for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) in Pregnant Women in the Peruvian Amazon and Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of HTLV Infection in Peru" Pathogens 10, no. 3: 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030260
APA StyleRamos-Rincón, J.-M., Ortiz-Martínez, S., Vásquez-Chasnamote, M.-E., de-Miguel-Balsa, E., Gamboa-Paredes, O.-N., Talledo-Albujar, M.-J., López-Campana, G., Celis-Salinas, J. C., Prieto-Pérez, L., Górgolas-Hernández, M., & Casapía-Morales, M. (2021). Screening for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) in Pregnant Women in the Peruvian Amazon and Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of HTLV Infection in Peru. Pathogens, 10(3), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030260