Family Social Capital and Delinquent Behavior in the United Kingdom
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Social Capital and Delinquency
2.2. Family Social Capital and Its Complementary Role with Other Theories of Delinquency
2.3. Social Capital and Delinquency Research Outside the U.S.
2.4. The Case of the U.K.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Analytic Sample
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Dependent Variable
3.2.2. Key Independent Variables: Family Social Capital
3.2.3. Control Variables
3.3. Analytic Strategy
4. Results
5. Discussion
Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean/Prop. | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Delinquency index | 0.79 | 1.42 | 0–10+ |
Key independent variables—social capital | |||
How close are you to your parent(s) | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0–3 |
How often you fight with parent(s) (3 = Never) | 2.16 | 0.85 | 0–3 |
Do you talk to parents when worried | 0.51 | 0–1 | |
How often parent(s) talk about things important to child | 4.33 | 0.77 | 0–5 |
How often parent(s) know where you are | 2.54 | 0.69 | 0–3 |
How often parent(s) know who you are with | 2.44 | 0.73 | 0–3 |
How often parent(s) know what you are doing | 2.28 | 0.81 | 0–3 |
How often family meals together | 2.17 | 0.87 | 0–3 |
Parent(s) attended school meetings | 0.19 | 0–1 | |
Control variables | |||
How many of close friends work hard at school | 1.92 | 0.65 | 0–3 |
How many of close friends don’t get into trouble | 2.23 | 0.62 | 0–3 |
How often you spend time with close friends | 2.96 | 1.06 | 0–4 |
How safe is your neighborhood | 2.23 | 0.59 | 0–3 |
Household Income (£/week) | 415.23 | 176.87 | 0–1200 |
Family Structure | 0–3 | ||
Two parents—Both biological | 0.64 | ||
Two parents—One biological | 0.11 | ||
One parent—Biological | 0.24 | ||
Other | 0.01 | ||
Household Size | 4.39 | 1.29 | 2–10+ |
Parental Education | 3.17 | 1.45 | 0–5 |
Age | 13.77 | 0.45 | 13–15 |
Sex (1 = Male) | 0.50 | 0–1 | |
Race | 0–4 | ||
White | 0.81 | ||
Black | 0.03 | ||
Asian | 0.10 | ||
Other/Mixed | 0.06 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Close to parents | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||||
2. Fight with parents | −0.32 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
3. Talk to parents when worried | −0.35 | 0.199 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
4. Talk about important things | −0.17 | 0.054 | 0.103 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
5. Know where you are | −0.24 | 0.193 | 0.244 | 0.093 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
6. Know who you are with | −0.24 | 0.188 | 0.244 | 0.100 | 0.594 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
7. Know what you are doing | −0.26 | 0.222 | 0.263 | 0.096 | 0.607 | 0.622 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
8. Meals together | −0.09 | 0.045 | 0.056 | 0.156 | 0.100 | 0.087 | 0.095 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
9. Attend school meetings | 0.09 | −0.121 | −0.044 | 0.028 | −0.129 | −0.107 | −0.125 | −0.033 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
10. Friends work hard at school | −0.17 | 0.150 | 0.166 | 0.048 | 0.264 | 0.280 | 0.301 | 0.074 | −0.085 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
11. Friends don’t get into trouble | −0.14 | 0.166 | 0.160 | 0.046 | 0.269 | 0.265 | 0.291 | 0.071 | −0.130 | 0.439 | 1.00 | |||||||||
12. Spend time with close friends | −0.01 | −0.076 | −0.031 | −0.008 | −0.183 | −0.159 | −0.190 | −0.086 | 0.025 | −0.074 | −0.115 | 1.00 | ||||||||
13. Neighborhood is safe | −0.11 | 0.065 | 0.067 | 0.021 | 0.077 | 0.058 | 0.065 | 0.017 | −0.058 | 0.080 | 0.093 | 0.061 | 1.00 | |||||||
14. Income | −0.06 | 0.000 | 0.055 | 0.006 | 0.074 | 0.035 | 0.062 | −0.048 | −0.085 | 0.087 | 0.163 | −0.013 | 0.142 | 1.00 | ||||||
15. Family structure | 0.05 | −0.095 | −0.044 | 0.046 | −0.101 | −0.096 | −0.105 | −0.006 | 0.113 | −0.083 | −0.103 | 0.077 | −0.059 | −0.461 | 1.00 | |||||
16. Household Size | 0.05 | 0.080 | −0.008 | −0.079 | 0.022 | 0.029 | 0.040 | 0.029 | −0.028 | 0.013 | −0.029 | −0.076 | −0.015 | −0.207 | −0.354 | 1.00 | ||||
17. Parental Education | −0.02 | −0.001 | 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 0.026 | 0.045 | −0.010 | −0.053 | 0.069 | 0.147 | −0.034 | 0.113 | 0.616 | −0.246 | −0.083 | 1.00 | |||
18. Age | 0.04 | −0.011 | −0.037 | −0.009 | −0.037 | −0.037 | −0.033 | −0.036 | −0.010 | −0.024 | −0.021 | 0.047 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.011 | −0.017 | −0.003 | 1.00 | ||
19. Sex | −0.07 | 0.056 | 0.029 | −0.008 | −0.136 | −0.166 | −0.109 | −0.016 | 0.065 | −0.140 | −0.151 | 0.018 | 0.034 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.006 | −0.007 | 1.00 | |
20. Race | −0.00 | 0.046 | −0.028 | 0.028 | 0.041 | 0.034 | 0.059 | 0.071 | 0.002 | 0.019 | −0.047 | −0.142 | −0.060 | −0.224 | −0.015 | 0.191 | −0.135 | −0.023 | 0.011 | 1.00 |
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
IRR | SE | IRR | SE | |
Social capital variables | ||||
How close are you to your parent(s) | 1.012 | 0.020 | 1.049 * | 0.021 |
How often you fight with parent(s) (3 = Never) | 0.804 *** | 0.014 | 0.820 *** | 0.014 |
Do you talk to parents when worried | 0.781 *** | 0.025 | 0.794 *** | 0.024 |
How often parent(s) talk about things important to child | 1.043 * | 0.019 | 1.037 * | 0.018 |
How often parent(s) know where you are | 0.821 *** | 0.022 | 0.908 *** | 0.022 |
How often parent(s) know who you are with | 0.803 *** | 0.020 | 0.875 *** | 0.020 |
How often parent(s) know what you are doing | 0.679 *** | 0.016 | 0.741 *** | 0.016 |
How often family meals together | 0.946 ** | 0.016 | 0.968 * | 0.015 |
Parent(s) attended school meetings | 1.444 *** | 0.049 | 1.281 *** | 0.041 |
Control variables | ||||
How many of close friends work hard at school | 0.820 *** | 0.021 | ||
How many of close friends don’t get into trouble | 0.729 *** | 0.021 | ||
How often you spend time with close friends | 1.177 *** | 0.018 | ||
How safe is your neighborhood | 0.906 *** | 0.021 | ||
Household Income (L/week) | 0.999 *** | 0.000 | ||
Family Structure | ||||
Two parents—One biological | 1.053 | 0.047 | ||
One parent—Biological | 1.012 | 0.047 | ||
Other | 1.078 | 0.149 | ||
Household Size | 0.984 | 0.013 | ||
Parental Education | 1.008 | 0.012 | ||
Age | 1.067 * | 0.032 | ||
Sex (1 = Male) | 1.684 *** | 0.050 | ||
Race | ||||
Black | 1.056 | 0.083 | ||
Asian | 1.037 | 0.068 | ||
Other/Mixed | 1.181 ** | 0.062 | ||
Constant | 6.397 *** | 0.674 | 2.544 *** | 1.155 |
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Hoffmann, J.P.; Thorpe, J.D.; Dufur, M.J. Family Social Capital and Delinquent Behavior in the United Kingdom. Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9100178
Hoffmann JP, Thorpe JD, Dufur MJ. Family Social Capital and Delinquent Behavior in the United Kingdom. Social Sciences. 2020; 9(10):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9100178
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoffmann, John P., Jared D. Thorpe, and Mikaela J. Dufur. 2020. "Family Social Capital and Delinquent Behavior in the United Kingdom" Social Sciences 9, no. 10: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9100178