Can Regional Gender Ideologies Account for Variation of Gender Pay Gaps? The Case of Germany
Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
Soc. Sci. 2021, 10(9), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090347
Received: 16 August 2021
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Revised: 7 September 2021
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Accepted: 10 September 2021
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Published: 17 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)
While research often invokes gender disparities in wage-determining characteristics to explain gender pay gaps, why these gender disparities and gender pay gaps vary across contexts has received less attention. Therefore, I analyze how subnational gender ideologies predict gender pay gaps in two ways: as directly affecting gender pay gaps and as indirectly predicting gender pay gaps through intermediate gender disparities in determinants of wage. The analyses are based on German survey data (SOEP 2014–2018) supplemented with regional-level statistics. First, I leverage regional differences in predictors of gender ideologies to estimate region-specific gender ideologies. Mapping these gender ideologies across Germany reveals substantial regional variation. Second, multi-level models provide region-specific gender disparities in wage determinants and gender pay gaps. Results reveal that traditional gender ideologies are associated with women gaining less labor market experience and working less often in full-time jobs or supervising positions. In addition to this indirect association, gender ideologies directly predict the extent of adjusted gender pay gaps. These associations contribute novel evidence on regional variation of gender ideologies and how they can underlie explanations often invoked for gender pay gaps.
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Keywords:
gender pay gap; gender ideologies; regional variation; small area estimation; multilevel models
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MDPI and ACS Style
Hamjediers, M. Can Regional Gender Ideologies Account for Variation of Gender Pay Gaps? The Case of Germany. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090347
AMA Style
Hamjediers M. Can Regional Gender Ideologies Account for Variation of Gender Pay Gaps? The Case of Germany. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(9):347. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090347
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamjediers, Maik. 2021. "Can Regional Gender Ideologies Account for Variation of Gender Pay Gaps? The Case of Germany" Social Sciences 10, no. 9: 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10090347
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