Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Dosage on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Mortars with and without Fiber Reinforcement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Mix Proportions
2.2. Workability and Setting Time Measurements
2.3. Hydration Heat Measurement
2.4. Preparation of the Specimens
2.5. Determination of Porosity
2.6. Mechanical Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Workability and Setting Time
3.2. Hydration Heat
3.3. Evaluation of Porosity
3.4. Compressive Strength of Mold-Cast Specimens
3.5. Compressive Strength of Extruded Specimens
3.6. Flexural Performance of Extruded Specimens
3.7. Shear Bond Strength of Extruded Specimens
3.8. Discussion of the Mechanisms behind the Side Effects of HPMC
4. Conclusions
- The mixtures with a slump-flow value (ASTM C 1437) between 140 and 200 mm exhibited shape stability and buildability as well as extrudability. An HPMC dosage of up to 0.3% of cement weight could be employed in both fiber-free and fiber-reinforced mortars for achieving the printability criteria.
- The setting times were prolonged with an increase in the HPMC dosage. The initial setting time was more sensitive to HPMC dosage compared to the final setting time. Additionally, the calorimetric investigations revealed that the use of HPMC reduced the total heat released while the main peak of the heat flow curve was decreased in the case of 0.3% HPMC.
- Increasing the HPMC dosage caused more porosity. The negative effect of HPMC was more pronounced on the printed specimens compared with mold-cast ones. Moreover, the synergetic effect of fiber reinforcement and increment of HPMC dosage on the porosity was observed. An increment in the number of printed layers further increased the measured porosity. These findings revealed that porosity in a single layer and on the interface between the printed layers was increased as a side effect of HPMC usage.
- Compared with the HPMC-free mortars extruded into the mold, compressive strengths of the printed fiber-free specimens decreased by 50% and 53% for 0.15% and 0.30% HPMC ratios in sequence after a curing period of 28 days. In the case of fiber-reinforced mortars, these reductions were 49% and 51%, respectively. The reductions depending on HPMC dosage were more pronounced during a short curing period (7 days). Nevertheless, the negative effect of HPMC usage could be fully compensated by neither prolonged curing nor fiber reinforcement.
- The use of HPMC for obtaining printable mixtures weakened the flexural performance notably. The reductions in flexural strength of fiber-free mortars were found to be 46.5% and 52.3% for 0.15% and 0.30% HPMC ratios at 28-day, respectively. In the presence of fiber reinforcement, the decrement ratios were 56.8% and 59.6% in sequence. This indicates the existence of weakened fiber-matrix bond properties and layer interfaces as a side effect of HPMC. Furthermore, the negative effect of HPMC usage was more distinct on flexural toughness, due specifically to adversely affected post-peak behavior.
- As a side effect of HPMC use, the greatest decrease was recorded at shear bond strengths. The shear bond strengths were reduced by 68% and 77% in the cases of 0.15% and 0.30% HPMC ratios at 28-day, respectively. Incorporating the fibers enhanced the shear-bond strength of HPMC-free specimens whereas slightly reduced the strength of HPMC-bearing printable mixtures. HPMC-induced reductions in shear bond strength of fiber-reinforced mixtures were approximately 5% higher than in the fiber-free case. Under extrusion forces, the alignment of the fibers in parallel to the printing direction hampered the contribution of fibers to the shear-bond capacity of printed specimens.
- In brief, the mechanical properties were severely affected by the use of HPMC. The negative effects of HPMC were more pronounced at the first 0.15% dosage. The prolonged curing period (28 days) did not lead to meaningful recovery in the mechanical properties obtained from 7-day. The side effect of HPMC on flexural and shear bond performances was more significant in the case of fiber-reinforced mortars.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition (wt.%) | Portland Cement |
---|---|
CaO | 63.71 |
SiO2 | 19.79 |
Al2O3 | 4.78 |
Fe2O3 | 3.39 |
MgO | 1.78 |
K2O | 0.78 |
SO3 | 2.84 |
Cl− | 0.0089 |
Free CaO | 1.80 |
Loss on Ignition | 2.09 |
Insoluble Residue | 0.30 |
Physical Properties | |
Specific Surface (m2/kg) | 395 |
Specific Gravity | 3.10 |
Properties | HPMC |
---|---|
Appearance | Whitish powder |
Viscosity (mPa.s) 1 | 40.000–50.000 |
Water content (%) | <5 |
Particles passing the 150 µm sieve (%) | >95 |
Specific Gravity | 1.285 |
Materials (kg/m3) | VMA-0 | VMA-0.15 | VMA-0.30 | VMA-0 (F) | VMA-0.15 (F) | VMA-0.30 (F) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 |
CEM I 42.5 R | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 |
River sand | 1256 | 1254 | 1252 | 1244 | 1241 | 1238 |
Micro steel fiber | - | - | - | 35.85 | 35.85 | 35.85 |
VMA (HPMC) | - | 1.125 | 2.25 | - | 1.125 | 2.25 |
Superplasticizer | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
Design Parameters | ||||||
VMA (%) 1 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.30 |
Water-binder ratio | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
Paste volume (%) | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 |
Steel fiber (%) | - | - | - | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Mixtures | Initial Setting Time (h:min) | Final Setting Time (h:min) |
---|---|---|
VMA-0 | 3:53 | 4:25 |
VMA-0.15 | 4:37 | 4:42 |
VMA-0.30 | 4:45 | 4:50 |
Porosity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mixtures | Mold-Cast Specimens | Single-Layer Printed Specimens | Three-Layer Printed Specimens |
VMA-0 | 6.8 ± 0.5 | - | - |
VMA-0.15 | 9.4 ± 0.8 | 10.9 ± 1.5 | 14.8 ± 1.8 |
VMA-0.30 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 16.0 ± 2.1 |
VMA-0 (F) | 7.0 ± 0.8 | - | - |
VMA-0.15 (F) | 9.8 ± 1.2 | 12.2 ± 1.8 | 16.7 ± 2.0 |
VMA-0.30 (F) | 11.2 ± 1.1 | 13.8 ± 2.1 | 18.5 ± 2.3 |
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Yalçınkaya, Ç. Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Dosage on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Mortars with and without Fiber Reinforcement. Buildings 2022, 12, 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030360
Yalçınkaya Ç. Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Dosage on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Mortars with and without Fiber Reinforcement. Buildings. 2022; 12(3):360. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030360
Chicago/Turabian StyleYalçınkaya, Çağlar. 2022. "Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Dosage on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Mortars with and without Fiber Reinforcement" Buildings 12, no. 3: 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030360