Next Article in Journal
Putative Photosensitivity-Associated Sexual Dimorphism in Compound Eye Structure of Lymantria xylina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
Previous Article in Journal
The lncRNA41584-miR3047-z-BmCDK20 ceRNA Regulatory Network Influences Reproductive Development in Male Silkworms (Bombyx mori)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Insects
Volume 16
Issue 11
10.3390/insects16111121
insects-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Parayangiella, A New Genus of Mezirinae from China (Hemiptera: Aradidae) †

by
Tianci Zhang
1,
Wanzhi Cai
2,
Ernst Heiss
3,* and
Xiaoshuan Bai
1,*
1
College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
2
Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
3
Tiroler Landesmuseum, Josef-Schraffl-Strasse 2a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:73A12CC8-B2ED-451E-9770-ACA200514B15.
Insects 2025, 16(11), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111121
Submission received: 10 October 2025 / Revised: 31 October 2025 / Accepted: 31 October 2025 / Published: 1 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Simple Summary

Aradidae is recognized as a large family belonging to the order Hemiptera. Its members primarily inhabit the underbark of decaying wood, and often live in groups. Most of them feed on the mycelia of rotting wood. In recent years, the mitochondrial genome has become an important molecular marker in insect taxonomy and phylogeny. In this study, a detailed morphological description and molecular analysis were conducted on Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n., the type species of a new genus collected from Yunnan (China). Furthermore, through the phylogenetic analysis conducted on mitochondrial genome data, the taxonomic status of the genus Parayangiella was discussed.

Abstract

This paper describes a new genus of Aradidae from China: Parayangiella gen. n., with its type species Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. Their diagnostic morphological characteristics are presented with illustrations, and molecular analyses are conducted. In addition, based on the sequence data of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), this study employed two methods—maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI)—to construct the phylogenetic tree. The results are as follows: The mitochondrial genome of Parayangiella latiovatusa is a closed circular double-stranded structure, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, a control region, 22 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes, which is consistent with most species in the family Aradidae. The mitochondrial genome of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. exhibits AT skew. The phylogenetic tree construction results show that Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. and the genus Yangiella form a sister group.

1. Introduction

Mezirinae is the largest subfamily of Aradidaea and has a widespread global distribution, including over 57 genera in the Oriental region [1]. Among them, three genera, Pseudomezira Heiss, 1982 from China, Neartabanus Heiss, 1999 from Laos and India, Longitergus Pham, Bai, Heiss & Cai, 2013 from Vietnam, are macropterous; four genera, Brachybarcinus Heiss, 2010 from China and Vietnam, Hainanmezira Bai, Heiss & Cai, 2011 from China, Stipesoculus Bai, Wu & Cai, 2007 from China, and Pseudowuiessa Shi, Bai, Wu, Heiss & Cai, 2016 from China, are brachypterous [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. In studies on the flat bug family Aradidae in China, we discovered a remarkable species that is morphologically similar to Neuroctenus Kormilev, 1980 and Yangiella Liu, 1980 but no known genus within Mezirinae can accommodate this species [11,12]. Consequently, we propose a new genus Parayangiella gen. n. to encompass this species.
Mitochondrial genomes serve as one of the core sources of molecular markers in animal phylogeny studies [13]. Molecular studies on Aradidae include: Ji et al. (2024) conducted phylogenetic studies on three Yangiella species, with the determination of their mitochondrial genomes as a key step [14]; and Li et al. (2025) sequenced the complete mtDNA genome of Neuroctenus hainanensis [15]. In this study, the newly discovered Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. was investigated through an integration of traditional morphology and mitochondrial genomics.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Specimens and Taxonomy

The holotype is deposited in the Museum of Biological Specimens, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China. Specimens were observed under a Motic SMZ-168 Series microscope and documented using a Keyence VH-S30B digital microscope. Morphological terminology follows Heiss [16] and Bai et al. [17].

2.2. Gene Assembly, Annotation, and Analysis

To obtain genomic DNA for subsequent analyses, it was extracted from the thoracic muscle of a single specimen of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n., using a kit from Tiangen Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Subsequently, the extracted DNA—with a concentration of ≥20 ng/µL and a total amount of ≥500 ng—was sent to Beijing Berry Genomics Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) for sequencing. Sequencing libraries were constructed from individual insect specimens and subjected to paired-end sequencing with 150 bp read lengths on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform (S4 flow cell, PE150 mode). Following quality control by the company, approximately 6 GB of clean data were obtained.
Assembly was performed using SPAdes v3.15.5 (https://github.com/ablab/spades (accessed on 15 April 2025)) [18]. Based on the contig sequences obtained through an iterative method during the assembly process, a local blast database was constructed. The cox1 sequence of the closely related species Neuroctenus yunnanensis (NC 063144) was used as a bait to screen the target mitochondrial genome contigs using the BLAST v2.15.0 function. The sequence was uploaded to MITOS [19] (http://mitos.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/index.py (accessed on 23 April 2025)) for subsequent annotation, with the settings adjusted to the invertebrate mitochondrial genetic code. After importing the annotation results into Geneous Prime v11 software [20], using the gene boundaries of closely related species as a reference, the gene boundaries of the target species were manually corrected. The mitochondrial genome of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. has been submitted to GenBank with the accession number PP737162.
The CGView Server (https://cgview.ca/ (accessed on 26 May 2025)) [21] was utilized to generate the circular map of the complete mitochondrial genome. MEGA11.0 was employed to calculate the nucleotide composition of the gene [22]. RSCU (relative synonymous codon usage) was analyzed using CodonW v1.4.4. The Ka (non-synonymous) and Ks (synonymous) substitution rates of PCGs were computed using DnaSP v6.12.03 [23], and the results were visualized in R. Substitution saturation was assessed using DAMBE v7.3.32 [24].

2.3. Phylogenetic Analyses

Mitochondrial genomes of 13 insect species were retrieved from NCBI, including 12 species of Aradidae, with Pentatoma metallifera and Epidaus famulus as outgroups (Table A1). Combined with the mitochondrial genome of the Parayangiella species, an initial dataset was constructed. To extract PCG nucleotide sequences, we imported the raw dataset into PhyloSuite v1.2.3 [25]. Subsequently, MAFFT v7.464 software [26] was used to perform multiple sequence alignment of the PCG, and the aligned sequences were then processed using MACSE [27] for optimization, thereby enabling accurate identification of pseudogenization events. Thereafter, GBlocks v0.91b [28] was employed to trim the PCGs, followed by concatenation using FASconCAT-G v1.04 [29] to generate the final dataset.
Model Finder [30] was used to partition the concatenated datasets, after which model selection was conducted to determine the most appropriate evolutionary model. Based on the results from Model Finder (Table A2 and Table A3), Exabayes v1.5.1 software [31] was employed to construct a BI (Bayesian inference) phylogenetic tree. The Bayesian inference used 10,000,000 MCMC generations (sampling every 1000th, 25% burn-in). A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was generated after convergence (ASDSF < 0.01). Then, a Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed using IQ-tree v2 software [32] with 100,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates [33]. Finally, the tree files were imported into the online server TVBOT (https://www.chiplot.online/tvbot.html (accessed on 12 July 2025)) [34] for phylogenetic tree beautification.

3. Results

3.1. Taxonomy

Aradidae Brullé, 1836 [35]
Mezirinae Oshanin, 1908:478 (Mezirina, as subfamily) [36]. Type genus: Mezira Amyot & Serville, 1843 [37].

3.1.1. Parayangiella Bai, Cai & Heiss, gen. N

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:73A12CC8-B2ED-451E-9770-ACA200514B15
 
Type species: Parayangiella latiovatusa Bai, Cai & Heiss, sp. n.
Diagnosis. Although morphologically similar to Neuroctenus and Yangiella, this taxon cannot be placed in any known genus of Mezirinae; here therefore Parayangiella gen.n. is proposed. It is distinguished from Neuroctenus by its ventrally convex body (versus flattened), the absence of a transverse carina at the base of abdominal sternites IV–VI (versus present or replaced by longitudinal folds), and its broadly widened abdomen (versus not broadly widened). In contrast to Yangiella, Parayangiella can be identified by its anteriorly angularly produced pronotum (versus not angularly produced), non-parallel body sides with a broadened posterior end (versus nearly parallel sides without broadening), and the presence of smooth protuberances on either side of the male sternite VII (versus absent).
Key to related genera
1
Body flattened; abdominal sternites 4–6 each with a transverse carina at base; if carina indistinct, sternites with sublateral longitudinal folds .................... Neuroctenus Kormilev
-
Body ventrally convex; abdominal sternites 4–6 without transverse carina at base .......................................................................................................... . ......................................... 2
2
Body sides nearly parallel, posterior end not broadened; male sternite 7 without smooth protuberances on either side of center ............. ........ ....................................... Yangiella Liu
-
Body sides not parallel, posterior end broadened; male sternite 7 with smooth protuberances on either side of center ............... .. ...... ........ Parayangiella Bai, Cai & Heiss, gen. n.
Description. Body coloration: brown to black; eyes red; hemelytral membrane black. Macropterous. Surface: granulate on head, antennae, pronotum, scutellum, and legs.
Head. Anterior process short, reaching or slightly exceeding apex of antennal segment I. Antennae: 4-segmented; segment I clavate; segments II–III subcylindrical, thickening apically; segment IV fusiform, apex pale. Postocular margins: dentiform, not exceeding outer eye margins.
Pronotum. Collar narrow; anterolateral angles angularly produced beyond collar; lateral margins sinuate medially, subparallel posteriorly; posterior margin broadly arcuate. Scutellum: triangular, with prominent median longitudinal carina. Male-specific characters: sternite VII with paired smooth median tubercles; pygophore cordate, dorsally with Y-shaped impression.
Abdomen. Connexivum: posterior margins of segments and lateral margin of segment VII with pale maculae. Spiracle placement: ventral on segments II–VII; spiracle VIII sublateral, faintly visible dorsally.
Etymology. The generic name is composed of “para-“ (Greek) close to and Yangiella.
Distribution. China (Yunnan)
 

3.1.2. Parayangiella latiovatusa Bai, Cai & Heiss, sp. n. (Figure 1)

Type material. Holotype: male: China, Yunnan, Lushui, Sanhe Village, 19. V. 2023, Jia, Z.C.; Paratypes: 68 males, 71 females, same as above.
Description. Body: length 6.78 mm; surface densely granulate.
Head: anterior process extending to apex of antennal segment I; genae distinctly exceeding clypeus, converging anteriorly; clypeus convex. Antennae: 4-segmented; segments I and II subequal; IV longer than II; III longest (I:II:III:IV = 0.44:0.45:0.58:0.52); length/head width ratio 1.86; postocular denticles distinct, not exceeding outer eye margins.
Pronotum: subtrapezoidal; collar thin; anterolateral angles exceeding anterior collar margin; disk anteriorly flattened medially, irregularly depressed laterally with sublateral longitudinal sulci; posterior portion broad, flattened. Scutellum: well-developed, triangular; lateral margins carinate, subparallel; apex open; disk with irregular short transverse carinae. Hemelytra: Membrane extending to mid-tergum VII. Sterna III–VI: surface rugose with irregular longitudinal carinae.
Abdomen. Male genitalia: sternite VIII with reduced lateral lobes, not reaching mid-pygophore; pygophore well-developed, coarsely granulate; tergum with shallow depression. Spiracles: Ventral.
Measurements [in mm, ♀ (n = 3)/♂ (n = 3), holotype in parentheses]. Body length: 6.50–7.59/6.12–6.90 (6.78); Body width: 2.61–3.34/2.78–3.20 (3.11); Head length: 1.32–1.45/1.21–1.30 (1.28); Head width: 1.15–1.20/1.07–1.11 (1.10); Pronotum length: 1.14–1.45/1.15–1.31 (1.27); Pronotum width: 2.00–2.28/2.10–2.29 (2.26); Scutellum length: 0.99–1.24/0.97–1.10 (1.07); Scutellum width: 1.29–1.65/1.39–1.48 (1.45); Pygophore length: 0.15–0.21/0.56–0.60 (0.59); Pygophore width: 0.44–0.45/1.03–1.05 (1.05); Length antennal segments (I:II:III:IV): 0.41–0.45:0.42–0.45:0.54–0.61:0.52–0.54/0.41–0.45:0.43–0.46:0.55–0.60:0.50–0.53 (0.44:0.45:0.58:0.52).
Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin compound adjective: latus (“broad”) and ovatus (“ovoid”), referring to the broadly ovoid abdominal dilation in dorsal view.
Distribution. Yunnan (Lushui)
Insects 16 01121 g001
Figure 1. Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. Dorsal view of male holotype (a). Ventral view of male holotype (b). Dorsal view of female holotype (c). Ventral view of female holotype (d). The pygophore is shown in dorsal view (e). The pygophore is shown in lateral view (f). Right parameter (g–i). Scale bars = 1 mm for (a–d), 0.5 mm for (e,f), and 0.1 mm for (g–i).
Figure 1. Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. Dorsal view of male holotype (a). Ventral view of male holotype (b). Dorsal view of female holotype (c). Ventral view of female holotype (d). The pygophore is shown in dorsal view (e). The pygophore is shown in lateral view (f). Right parameter (g–i). Scale bars = 1 mm for (a–d), 0.5 mm for (e,f), and 0.1 mm for (g–i).
Insects 16 01121 g001

3.2. Phylogenetic Position of Parayangiella

In this study, phylogenetic analyses incorporating 12 species of Aradidae, with Pentatoma metallifera and Epidaus famulus as outgroups. The topological structures of both trees (Figure 2 and Figure 3) are congruent. The analysis recovered Calisiinae as the sister group to the remaining subfamilies. Within the main clade, Aradinae was resolved as sister to the clade comprising Carventinae, Aneurinae, and Mezirinae. Furthermore, Mezirinae is a highly evolved and monophyletic group, which is sister to a clade comprising Carventinae and Aneurinae. In Mezirinae, Brachyrhynchus is monophyletic. Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. forms a sister group with Yangiella.

3.3. Mitochondrial Structure of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.

3.3.1. Basic Characteristics of Mitochondrial Genes of Parayangiella latiovatusa

The mitochondrial genome of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n., comprises 15,129 bp, features a closed circular double-stranded structure. Annotation revealed 23 genes encoded on the heavy strand (H-strand) and 14 genes on the light strand (L-strand) (Figure 4). The mitogenome exhibits a positive AT-skews, and the bias at the 1st and 2nd codons is lower than that at the 3rd codon (Table A4).

3.3.2. Analysis of Protein-Coding Genes and Codon Usage

Analysis of the 13 PCGs in Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. revealed their relative codon usage frequencies. The most common codons were AUU (Ile), AUA (Met), UUA (Leu), and UUU (Phe), whereas CGC (Arg), AGG (Ser), and ACG (Thr) occurred at markedly lower frequencies, indicating a clear amino-acid usage bias (Figure 5).

3.3.3. Analysis of Base Substitution Saturation

In both data matrices, the transversion rate within Aradidae frequently exceeds the transition rate, a pattern that aligns more closely with an ideal substitution state (Figure 6). Statistical analysis further supports this observation, yielding the p-value of less than 0.05 and the Iss value significantly lower than the Iss.cSym value. These results indicate an absence of substitution saturation in the nucleotide sequences.

3.3.4. Ka/Ks Analysis of Protein-Coding Genes in Mitochondrial Genomes

In this study, the evolutionary rates of the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) in Aradidae were quantified through Ka/Ks ratio analysis (Figure 7). It was found that the Ka/Ks ratio of all genes was below 1, signifying that these genes were under purifying selection and their protein functions were relatively stable. Among the protein-coding genes, nad5, nad2 and nad4 exhibited relatively high Ka/Ks values, suggesting elevated evolutionary rates, while cox1 had the lowest ratio, indicating it is the most conserved.

4. Discussion

The new species Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. conforms to the generic diagnosis of Parayangiella. While morphological analysis is fundamental to insect taxonomy, it can be insufficient for defining phylogenetic relationships. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized the mitochondrial genome of Parayangiella latiovatusa to elucidate its composition and structure.
The mitochondrial genome of the newly described Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. is consistent with the standard insect mitogenome in structure and exhibits a significant AT bias. This bias can be attributed to two main factors: (1) Mutation pressure and a lack of effective repair mechanisms during mitochondrial DNA replication lead to the accumulation of AT base pairs. (2) The compact structure and high gene density of the mitochondrial genome limit the increase in CG content. Genomes with high AT content are more conducive to the efficiency of replication and transcription, suggesting that the bias may represent a functional optimization of these genes [38,39]. Among the 22 tRNAs, we identified U-G, U-U, and A-C mismatches, which are likely influenced by the overall high AT content prevalent in insect mitochondria.
For all 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), their Ka/Ks ratios were all below 1, indicating the presence of purifying selection. This selective pressure maintains the stability of gene functions by eliminating harmful mutations [40]. Substitution saturation analysis revealed that the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial PCGs in Aradidae were unsaturated, thereby validating the suitability of the data for subsequent phylogenetic analyses [41]. Both phylogenetic trees of Aradidae, constructed based on 13 PCGs, indicated that Parayangiella gen. n. and Yangiella form a sister group. This result is highly consistent with the morphological classification, further verifying the taxonomic status of Parayangiella gen. n.
In summary, through morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n., its taxonomic status and evolutionary relationships have been clarified. Future studies need to incorporate larger sample sizes and more extensive genomic data to comprehensively understand the evolution and diversity of Aradidae.

Author Contributions

Species identification and revised manuscript, X.B., W.C., E.H., and E.H. Data analysis and thesis composition, T.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 32060121, 32460123), with funding awarded to the corresponding author, B.X.S.

Data Availability Statement

The genomic data in this study is available under the NCBI accession numbers PP737162.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. Taxonomic information and GenBank accession numbers of mitogenomes used in this study.
Table A1. Taxonomic information and GenBank accession numbers of mitogenomes used in this study.
SuperfamilyFamilySubfamilySpeciesLengthNCBI No.
HarpactorinaeReduviidaeHarpactorinaeEpidaus famulus16,135NC 085748
PentatominaePentatomidaePentatomoideaPentatoma metallifera15,740NC 058972
AradoideaAradidaeCalisiinaeAradacanthia heissi15,528HQ441233
AradinaeAradus compar16,814NC 030362
AneurinaeAneurus similis16,477NC 030360
AneurinaeAneurus sublobatus16,091NC 030361
CarventinaeLibiocoris heissi15,168NC 030363
MezirinaeBrachyrhynchus hsiaoi15,250NC 022670
MezirinaeBrachyrhynchus triangulus15,170NC 062724
MezirinaeMezira sp. nov.15,283MW619718
MezirinaeNeuroctenus parus15,354NC 012459
MezirinaeYangiella mimetica15,192PP545373
MezirinaeYangiella montana15,205NC 088763
MezirinaeParayangiella latiovatusa sp. nov.15,129PP737162
Table A2. Optimal partitioning strategy and evolution model of PCGsRNA IQ.
Table A2. Optimal partitioning strategy and evolution model of PCGsRNA IQ.
SubsetNameBest Model
1atp6 codon1 + atp8 codon1 + nad2 codon1TIM + F + I + G4
2atp6 codon2 + cox1 codon2 + cox2 codon2 + cox3 codon2 + cytb codon2TVM + F + I + G4
3atp6 codon3 + cox2 codon3 + cox3 codon3 + nad3 codon3TPM3u + F + I + G4
4atp8 codon2 + nad2 codon2 + nad3 codon2 + nad6 codon2TVM + F + I + G4
5atp8 codon3 + nad2 codon3TPM3u + F + R2
6cox1 codon1 + cox2 codon1 + cox3 codon1 + cytb codon1GTR + F + I + I + R3
7cox1 codon3 + cytb codon3HKY + F + I + I + R4
8nad1 codon1 + nad4L codon1 + nad4 codon1 + rrnL + rrnSTVM + F + I + G4
9nad1 codon2 + nad4L codon2 + nad4 codon2 + nad5 codon2GTR + F + I + G4
10nad1 codon3HKY + F + G4
11nad3 codon1 + nad6 codon1TIM + F + I + G4
12nad4L codon3TN + F + G4
13nad4 codon3HKY + F + R3
14nad5 codon1TPM2u + F + I + G4
15nad5 codon3HKY + F + G4
16nad6 codon3HKY + F + R2
Table A3. Optimal partitioning strategy and evolution model of PCGsRNA BI.
Table A3. Optimal partitioning strategy and evolution model of PCGsRNA BI.
SubsetNameBest Model
1atp6 codon1 + atp8 codon1 + nad2 codon1GTR + F + I + G4
2atp6 codon2 + cox1 codon2 + cox2 codon2 + cox3 codon2 + cytb codon2GTR + F + I + G4
3atp6 codon3 + cox2 codon3 + cox3 codon3 + nad3 codon3HKY + F + I + G4
4atp8 codon2 + nad2 codon2 + nad3 codon2 + nad6 codon2GTR + F + I + G4
5atp8 codon3 + nad2 codon3HKY + F + G4
6cox1 codon1 + cox2 codon1 + cox3 codon1 + cytb codon1GTR + F + I + G4
7cox1 codon3 + cytb codon3GTR + F + I + G4
8nad1 codon1 + nad4L codon1 + nad4 codon1 + rrnL + rrnSGTR + F + I + G4
9nad1 codon2 + nad4L codon2 + nad4 codon2 + nad5 codon2GTR + F + I + G4
10nad1 codon3HKY + F + G4
11nad3 codon1 + nad6 codon1GTR + F + I + G4
12nad4L codon3HKY + F + G4
13nad4 codon3HKY + F + G4
14nad5 codon1HKY + F + I + G4
15nad5 codon3HKY + F + G4
16nad6 codon3HKY + F + G4
Table A4. Base composition and skewness of mitogenome of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
Table A4. Base composition and skewness of mitogenome of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
LocationTotal/bpA/%T/%G/%C/%A+T/%AT-SkewGC-Skew
Whole mitochondrial
Genome (mtDNA)		15,12940.428.512.518.568.90.172−0.193
Protein-coding gene (PCGs)10,92930.33815.815.968.3−0.112−0.005
1st codon364333.931.521.413.365.40.0370.234
2nd codon364318.945.215.220.664.1−0.409−0.151
3rd codon364338.137.310.713.975.40.011−0.13
tRNAs144236.635.715.312.372.30.0120.108
rRNAs199128.74218.31170.7−0.1880.249
CR7373730.515.317.167.50.096−0.054

References

  1. Grebennikov, V.V.; Heiss, E. DNA barcoding of flat bugs (Hemiptera: Aradidae) with phylogenetic implications. Arthropod Syst. Phylogeny 2014, 72, 213–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Kormilev, N.A.; Froeschner, R.C. Flat bugs of the world: A synonymic list (Heteroptera: Aradidae). Entomography 1987, 5, 1–245. [Google Scholar]
  3. Surnaa; Bai, X.S.; Heiss, E.; Cai, W.Z. Paracremastaptera, a new apterous genus of Mezirinae from China (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Zootaxa 2020, 4894, 445–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Heiss, E. New and little known Aradidae from India in the Museum-Dhistoire-Naturelle-de-Geneve (Heteroptera). Rev. Suisse De Zool. 1982, 89, 245–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Heiss, E. Synonymical notes on Scironocoris Koemilev 1957, Rüstern Kormilev 1957 and Pseudartabanus Esaki & Matsuda 1952, with description of a new genus and species (Heteroptera, Aradidae). Z. Der Arbeitsgem. Osterr. Entomol. 1999, 51, 75–88. [Google Scholar]
  6. Bai, X.S.; Wu, Z.Y.; Cai, W.Z. Stipesoculus, a new genus of micropterous Mezirinae (Hemiptera: Aradidae) from China. Zootaxa 2007, 1562, 55–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Shi, K.; Bai, X.S.; Wu, Z.Y.; Heiss, E.; Cai, W. Pseudowuiessa, a new genus of brachypterous Mezirinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae) from China. Zootaxa 2016, 4158, 146–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Pham, M.; Bai, X.; Heiss, E.; Cai, W.J.Z. Aradidae from Vietnam II. Longitergus, a new genus and two new species of micropterous Mezirinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae). Zootaxa 2013, 3709, 556–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Heiss, E. Review of the Barcinus-complex with description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae). Zootaxa 2010, 2448, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Bai, X.S.; Heiss, E.; Cai, W.Z. New taxa and records of flat bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae) from Hainan of China. Zootaxa 2011, 3012, 48–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Kormilev, N.A. 3 new species of Aradidae from Mexico (Hemiptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 1980, 82, 695–699. [Google Scholar]
  12. Liu, S.L. New species of Mezirinae from China (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Aradidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sin. 1980, 5, 175–184. [Google Scholar]
  13. Song, F.; Li, H.; Shao, R.F.; Shi, A.M.; Bai, X.S.; Zheng, X.R.; Heiss, E.; Cai, W.Z. Rearrangement of mitochondrial tRNA genes in flat bugs (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ji, L.P.; Jia, Z.C.; Bai, X.S. Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of three species of Yangiella (Hemiptera: Aradidae) and the phylogenetic implications of Aradidae. Insects 2024, 15, 533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Li, Y.R.; Ji, L.P.; Bai, X.S. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of Neuroctenus hainanensis and the phylogenetic position of Aradoidea. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 9632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Heiss, E. Revision of the family Aradidae in Baltic amber IV.: Two new Aradus from the collection of the Institut für Palaontologie, Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin (Heteroptera, Aradidae). Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 2002, 49, 221–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Shi, K.; Bai, X.S.; Heiss, E.; Cai, W.Z. A new apterous genus of Carventinae from China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae). Zootaxa 2020, 4820, 385–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Bankevich, A.; Nurk, S.; Antipov, D.; Gurevich, A.A.; Dvorkin, M.; Kulikov, A.S.; Lesin, V.M.; Nikolenko, S.I.; Pham, S.; Prjibelski, A.D.; et al. SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J. Comput. Biol. 2012, 19, 455–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Bernt, M.; Donath, A.; Jühling, F.; Externbrink, F.; Florentz, C.; Fritzsch, G.; Pütz, J.; Middendorf, M.; Stadler, P.F. MITOS: Improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Mol. Phylogenetics Evol. 2013, 69, 313–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Kearse, M.; Moir, R.; Wilson, A.; Stones-Havas, S.; Cheung, M.; Sturrock, S.; Buxton, S.; Cooper, A.; Markowitz, S.; Duran, C.J.B. Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, 1647–1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Grant, J.R.; Stothard, P. The CGView Server: A comparative genomics tool for circular genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008, 36, 181–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Tamura, K.; Stecher, G.; Kumar, S. MEGA11 molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2021, 38, 3022–3027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Librado, P.; Rozas, J. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 2009, 25, 1451–1452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Xia, X.H. DAMBE7: New and improved tools for data analysis in molecular biology and evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018, 35, 1550–1552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Zhang, D.; Gao, F.L.; Jakovlic, I.; Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.X.; Wang, G.T. PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2020, 20, 348–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Nakamura, T.; Yamada, K.D.; Tomii, K.; Katoh, K.J.B. Parallelization of MAFFT for large-scale multiple sequence alignments. Bioinformatics 2018, 34, 2490–2492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Ranwez, V.; Douzery, E.J.; Cambon, C.; Chantret, N.; Delsuc, F.J.M.B. MACSE v2: Toolkit for the alignment of coding sequences accounting for frameshifts and stop codons. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018, 35, 2582–2584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Castresana, J.J.M.B. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2000, 17, 540–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kück, P.; Longo, G.C.J.F.i.z. FASconCAT-G: Extensive functions for multiple sequence alignment preparations concerning phylogenetic studies. Front. Zool. 2014, 11, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Kalyaanamoorthy, S.; Minh, B.Q.; Wong, T.K.; Von Haeseler, A.; Jermiin, L.S.J.N.M. ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat. Methods 2017, 14, 587–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Aberer, A.J.; Kobert, K.; Stamatakis, A.J.M.B. ExaBayes: Massively parallel Bayesian tree inference for the whole-genome era. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014, 31, 2553–2556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Minh, B.Q.; Schmidt, H.A.; Chernomor, O.; Schrempf, D.; Woodhams, M.D.; Von Haeseler, A.; Lanfear, R.J.M.B. IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2020, 37, 1530–1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Hoang, D.T.; Chernomor, O.; Von Haeseler, A.; Minh, B.Q.; Vinh, L.S.J.M.B. UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018, 35, 518–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Xie, J.M.; Chen, Y.R.; Cai, G.J.; Cai, R.L.; Hu, Z.; Wang, H. Tree Visualization By One Table (tvBOT): A web application for visualizing, modifying and annotating phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023, 51, W587–W592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Brullé, A. Histoire naturelle des insectes, traitant de leur organization et de leurs moeurs engeneral, et comprenant leur classification et la description des espèces. Orthoptères et Hémiptères. IX(2 parts). Paris Pillot 1836, 1–415. [Google Scholar]
  36. Oshanin, B.F. Verzeichnis der paläearktischen Heinipteren mit Besonderer. Ber. Vert. Russ. Reiche 1908, 1, 395–586. [Google Scholar]
  37. Amyot, C.J.B.J.G.A.S. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hemipteres. Paris Fain Thunot 1843, Ixxvi + 681. [Google Scholar]
  38. Hamilton, W.L.; Claessens, A.; Otto, T.D.; Kekre, M.; Fairhurst, R.M.; Rayner, J.C.; Kwiatkowski, D. Extreme mutation bias and high AT content in Plasmodium falciparum. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017, 45, 1889–1901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Hassanin, A.; Léger, N.; Deutsch, J. Evidence for multiple reversals of asymmetric mutational constraints during the evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Metazoa, and consequences for phylogenetic inferences. Syst. Biol. 2005, 54, 277–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Meiklejohn, C.D.; Montooth, K.L.; Rand, D.M. Positive and negative selection on the mitochondrial genome. Trends Genet. 2007, 23, 259–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Duchêne, D.A.; Mather, N.; Van der Wal, C.; Ho, S.Y.W. Excluding loci with substitution saturation improves inferences from phylogenomic data. Syst. Biol. 2022, 71, 676–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Insects 16 01121 g002
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of 16 species of Hemiptera inferred from the PCGsRNA data matrix using maximum likelihood (ML). Their support values are reported above the nodes. Different color blocks represent the various superfamilies within Pentatomomorpha. The subject of this study is Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of 16 species of Hemiptera inferred from the PCGsRNA data matrix using maximum likelihood (ML). Their support values are reported above the nodes. Different color blocks represent the various superfamilies within Pentatomomorpha. The subject of this study is Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
Insects 16 01121 g002
Insects 16 01121 g003
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of 16 species of Hemiptera inferred from the PCGsRNA data matrix using Bayesian inference (BI). Their support values are reported above the nodes. Different color blocks represent the various superfamilies within Pentatomomorpha. The subject of this study is Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of 16 species of Hemiptera inferred from the PCGsRNA data matrix using Bayesian inference (BI). Their support values are reported above the nodes. Different color blocks represent the various superfamilies within Pentatomomorpha. The subject of this study is Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
Insects 16 01121 g003
Insects 16 01121 g004
Figure 4. Mitochondrial genome structure map of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
Figure 4. Mitochondrial genome structure map of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n.
Insects 16 01121 g004
Insects 16 01121 g005
Figure 5. Relative synonymous codon usage of 13 protein-coding genes of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. The numbers above the bar graph indicate the frequency of amino acids. The RSCU values are color-coded based on the codons below the amino acid labels.
Figure 5. Relative synonymous codon usage of 13 protein-coding genes of Parayangiella latiovatusa sp. n. The numbers above the bar graph indicate the frequency of amino acids. The RSCU values are color-coded based on the codons below the amino acid labels.
Insects 16 01121 g005
Insects 16 01121 g006
Figure 6. Substitution saturation plots for PCGs in the mt genomes of 14 Aradidae species. “S” signifies the transition rate (blue), and “V” signifies the transversion rate (yellow). (A) Protein-coding gene first site. (B) Protein-coding gene second site. (C) The third site of protein-coding genes. (D) All sites of protein-coding genes. (E) rRNA gene.
Figure 6. Substitution saturation plots for PCGs in the mt genomes of 14 Aradidae species. “S” signifies the transition rate (blue), and “V” signifies the transversion rate (yellow). (A) Protein-coding gene first site. (B) Protein-coding gene second site. (C) The third site of protein-coding genes. (D) All sites of protein-coding genes. (E) rRNA gene.
Insects 16 01121 g006
Insects 16 01121 g007
Figure 7. Nucleotide diversity and the ratio of Ka to Ks for PCGs in the mitochondrial genomes of 14 species belonging to Aradidae.
Figure 7. Nucleotide diversity and the ratio of Ka to Ks for PCGs in the mitochondrial genomes of 14 species belonging to Aradidae.
Insects 16 01121 g007
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, T.; Cai, W.; Heiss, E.; Bai, X. Parayangiella, A New Genus of Mezirinae from China (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Insects 2025, 16, 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111121

AMA Style

Zhang T, Cai W, Heiss E, Bai X. Parayangiella, A New Genus of Mezirinae from China (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Insects. 2025; 16(11):1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111121

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Tianci, Wanzhi Cai, Ernst Heiss, and Xiaoshuan Bai. 2025. "Parayangiella, A New Genus of Mezirinae from China (Hemiptera: Aradidae)" Insects 16, no. 11: 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111121

APA Style

Zhang, T., Cai, W., Heiss, E., & Bai, X. (2025). Parayangiella, A New Genus of Mezirinae from China (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Insects, 16(11), 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16111121

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop