Trade-Offs between Temperature and Fitness in Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Implications for Mass Rearing and Field Management
Abstract
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Generation 1 | Temperatures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Fluctuating | |||||||||
19 °C | 22 °C | 25 °C | 28 °C | 31 °C | 34 °C | (25–21 °C) | (28–24 °C) | (31–27 °C) | (34–30 °C) | |
2nd instar | ||||||||||
F0 | 11.07 ± 0.35 A | 5.88 ± 0.10 bB | 4.82 ± 0.12 bCD | 2.97 ± 0.10 bFG | 2.60 ± 0.08 bG | 2.47 ± 0.01 G | 5.07 ± 0.08 aC | 4.10 ± 0.21 aDE | 3.71 ± 0.14 aEF | 2.38 ± 0.06 aG |
F1 | - | 6.97 ± 0.17 aA | 4.86 ± 0.09 bB | 3.72 ± 0.12 aCD | 3.21 ± 0.05 abCD | - | 4.84 ± 0.45 aB | 4.68 ± 0.68 aB | 3.68 ± 0.11 aBC | 3.02 ± 0.31 aD |
F2 | - | 6.18 ± 0.06 bA | 5.50 ± 0.22 aA | 3.87 ± 0.15 aB | 3.73 ± 0.29 aB | - | 5.73 ± 0.04 aA | 3.15 ± 0.33 aB | 3.71 ± 0.48 aA | 3.13 ± 0.43 aB |
3rd instar | ||||||||||
F0 | 12.50 ± 0.48 A | 6.19 ± 0.24 aB | 5.43 ± 0.22 aB | 3.57 ± 0.06 aDE | 3.08 ± 0.08 aEF | 2.61 ± 0.08 F | 5.37 ± 0.24 aBC | 4.43 ± 0.31 aCD | 3.71 ± 0.08 aDE | 3.17 ± 0.16 aEF |
F1 | - | 6.28 ± 0.20 aA | 4.12 ± 0.08 bBC | 3.17 ± 0.14 abDE | 2.80 ± 0.16 abE | - | 4.76 ± 0.13 aB | 4.26 ± 0.30 aBC | 3.68 ± 0.14 aCD | 3.03 ± 0.20 aDE |
F2 | - | 5.34 ± 0.11 bA | 5.23 ± 0.22 aA | 3.07 ± 0.15 bBC | 2.48 ± 0.13 bC | - | 4.74 ± 0.08 aA | 3.46 ± 0.19 aB | 3.71 ± 0.13 aB | 3.22 ± 0.16 aB |
4st instar | ||||||||||
F0 | 17.21 ± 0.62 A | 7.28 ± 0.16 aB | 6.02 ± 0.24 aCD | 3.77 ± 0.07 aFG | 3.17 ± 0.15 aFG | 2.97 ± 0.07 G | 6.83 ± 0.19 aBC | 5.42 ± 0.28 aDE | 4.29 ± 0.13 aEF | 3.86 ± 0.16 aFG |
F1 | - | 6.72 ± 0.26 aA | 4.87 ± 0.32 bB | 3.78 ± 0.20 aC | 2.87 ± 0.08 aD | - | 5.90 ± 0.40 aA | 5.06 ± 0.33 aB | 3.98 ± 0.31 aC | 3.27 ± 0.11 aCD |
F2 | - | 5.89 ± 0.06 bA | 5.79 ± 0.13 abA | 3.45 ± 0.21 aCD | 3.08 ± 0.15 aD | - | 3.98 ± 0.15 bBCD | 4.63 ± 0.36 aB | 4.05 ± 0.15 aBC | 3.84 ± 0.20 aBCD |
5st instar | ||||||||||
F0 | - | 10.15 ± 0.34 abA | 8.11 ± 0.08 aBC | 6.18 ± 0.20 aD | 5.09 ± 0.12 aEF | 4.52 ± 0.14 F | 8.68 ± 0.16 aB | 7.76 ± 0.07 aC | 7.34 ± 0.16 aC | 5.88 ± 0.06 aDE |
F1 | - | 10.37 ± 0.14 aA | 8.03 ± 0.12 aB | 4.95 ± 0.13 bD | 5.04 ± 0.21 aD | - | 10.21 ± 0.37 aA | 6.33 ± 0.29 bC | 6.80 ± 0.33 aC | 5.10 ± 0.12 bD |
F2 | - | 9.30 ± 0.31 bA | 7.19 ± 0.16 bB | 5.75 ± 0.11 aCD | 4.71 ± 0.20 aD | - | 10.06 ± 0.58 aA | 6.51 ± 0.16 bBC | 6.54 ± 0.17 aBC | 5.94 ± 0.15 aBCD |
Nymph stage | ||||||||||
F0 | - | 28.81 ± 0.27 aA | 23.81 ± 0.27 aB | 15.41 ± 0.49 aE | 13.51 ± 0.47 aFG | 12.025 ± 0.22 G | 25.12 ± 0.31 aB | 21.43 ± 0.55 aC | 17.90 ± 0.26 bD | 14.30 ± 0.09 aEF |
F1 | - | 30.27 ± 0.54 aA | 21.86 ± 0.39 bC | 11.87 ± 0.52 bF | 13.67 ± 0.28 aEF | - | 25.42 ± 0.58 aB | 19.84 ± 0.53 aD | 17.69 ± 0.49 bD | 14.24 ± 0.17 aE |
F2 | - | 26.68 ± 0.40 bA | 23.47 ± 0.34 aB | 16.12 ± 0.51 aD | 13.12 ± 1.32 aE | - | 24.36 ± 0.36 aAB | 17.34 ± 0.43 bCD | 19.64 ± 0.33 aC | 14.54 ± 0.55 aDE |
Life Stage | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd Instar (n = 120) | 3rd Instar (n = 120) | 4th Instar (n = 120) | 5th Instar (n = 120) | 2–5th Instar (n = 120) | |
Base temperature | 14.1 | 15 | 15.2 | 13.5 | 15.5 |
Degree day requirement | 51.2 | 43.7 | 47.8 | 84.9 | 197.4 |
r² of regression | 0.7471 | 0.8071 | 0.8523 | 0.874 | 0.7521 |
F | 171.3 | 242.7 | 334.7 | 402.3 | 175.9 |
df | 1, 58 | 1, 58 | 1, 58 | 1, 58 | 1, 58 |
p value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Generation 1 | Temperatures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Fluctuating | |||||||||
19 °C | 22 °C | 25 °C | 28 °C | 31 °C | 34 °C | (25–21 °C) | (28–24 °C) | (31–27 °C) | (34–30 °C) | |
2nd instar (A) | ||||||||||
F0 | 55.83 ± 4.23 C | 77.50 ± 3.63 bAB | 78.33 ± 5.17 bAB | 79.16 ± 2.63 aAB | 83.33 ± 3.48 aAB | 90.00 ± 2.80 aA | 80.83 ± 4.48 aAB | 72.50 ± 5.36 abB | 80.00 ± 3.06 abAB | 89.99 ± 2.50 aA |
F1 | - | 72.83 ± 4.86 bAB | 87.05 ± 2.34 abA | 48.47 ± 1.08 bC | 70.83 ± 5.59 abAB | - | 80.55 ± 3.51 aAB | 64.66 ± 8.73 bBC | 65.88 ± 9.06 bBC | 59.44 ± 8.5 bBC |
F2 | - | 99.16 ± 0.83 aA | 99.37 ± 0.62 aA | 81.04 ± 6.45 aB | 62.50 ± 3.22 bC | - | 86.66 ± 3.33 aAB | 92.70 ± 3.86 aAB | 95.41 ± 3.25 aAB | 82.49 ± 0.83 aB |
3rd instar (B) | ||||||||||
F0 | 88.58 ± 3.75 A | 88.83 ± 4.40 bA | 95.08 ± 1.49 aA | 91.91 ± 3.29 aA | 90.49 ± 3.71 aA | 89.33 ± 3.01 aA | 86.08 ± 2.87 bA | 89.50 ± 6.16 abA | 91.25 ± 3.25 aA | 86.99 ± 2.75 abA |
F1 | - | 96.46 ± 1.96 abA | 94.13 ± 2.25 aAB | 96.94 ± 2.16 aA | 81.41 ± 1.66 aABC | - | 98.16 ± 1.63 aA | 76.61 ± 5.92 bBC | 72.98 ± 6.11 bC | 65.83 ± 10.08 bC |
F2 | - | 99.54 ± 0.45 aA | 96.66 ± 3.33 aA | 98.70 ± 1.29 aA | 92.50 ± 5.00 aA | - | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 99.37 ± 0.62 aA | 99.79 ± 0.20 aA | 94.88 ± 3.87 aA |
4th instar (C) | ||||||||||
F0 | 56.24 ± 8.50 C | 94.91 ± 2.28 bA | 87.83 ± 2.47 bAB | 83.66 ± 5.73 aAB | 83.75 ± 3.06 bAB | 74.25 ± 4.88 bcBC | 88.58 ± 2.47 bAB | 86.41 ± 2.57 aAB | 85.58 ± 2.84 bAB | 94.00 ± 3.10 aA |
F1 | - | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 92.52 ± 1.93 bA | 97.77 ± 2.22 aA | 89.00 ± 4.87 abA | - | 95.22 ± 2.44 abA | 95.66 ± 2.28 aA | 88.72 ± 4.16 bA | 88.58 ± 4.80 aA |
F2 | - | 99.58 ± 0.41 abA | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 95.33 ± 3.26 aA | 100.41 ± 0.41 aA | - | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 95.54 ± 3.91 aA | 99.75 ± 0.25 aA | 96.00 ± 4.00 aA |
5th instar (D) | ||||||||||
F0 | 9.00 ± 6.23 C | 90.33 ± 3.09 bA | 82.25 ± 6.00 aA | 67.83 ± 7.39 bAB | 79.75 ± 6.37 bA | 47.50 ± 6.96 bB | 90.08 ± 3.00 aA | 85.50 ± 3.69 abA | 79.08 ± 2.88 bA | 73.66 ± 8.00 bA |
F1 | - | 99.00 ± 1.00 aA | 97.66 ± 1.45 aA | 100.00 ± 0.00 aA | 59.40 ± 5.47 bB | - | 98.46 ± 1.29 aA | 98.58 ± 1.31 aA | 90.92 ± 3.86 aA | 91.26 ± 3.91 abA |
F2 | - | 98.70 ± 1.29 aAB | 95.37 ± 3.89 aAB | 94.06 ± 3.98 aAB | 105.41 ± 7.08 aA | - | 58.00 ± 6.63 bC | 82.29 ± 5.60 bB | 99.37 ± 0.62 aAB | 100.00 ± 0.00 aAB |
Nymphal stage (E) | ||||||||||
F0 | 4.16 ± 3.39 C | 59.16 ± 5.49 bA | 54.16 ± 5.43 bA | 41.66 ± 4.75 bAB | 48.33 ± 5.03 aA | 26.66 ± 3.89 bB | 55.83 ± 1.66 bA | 49.16 ± 2.76 bA | 49.99 ± 4.56 bA | 55.00 ± 6.64 abA |
F1 | - | 69.61 ± 5.01 bA | 75.00 ± 2.77 aA | 45.83 ± 2.06 bB | 30.00 ± 3.76 bB | - | 73.83 ± 5.81 aA | 48.38 ± 6.01 bB | 41.83 ± 11.46 bB | 36.66 ± 7.57 bB |
F2 | - | 97.08 ± 2.91 aA | 92.08 ± 6.46 aABC | 70.83 ± 3.22 aCDE | 60.00 ± 4.08 aDE | - | 50.00 ± 5.27 bE | 72.50 ± 6.40 aCD | 94.37 ± 3.54 aAB | 74.72 ± 3.73 aBCD |
Multiple Decrement Life Table | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stage | Aqx | alx | adx | Fraction of Deaths by Molting |
2nd instar | 0.2122 | 1.0000 | 0.2122 | 0.2122 |
3rd instar | 0.0899 | 0.7878 | 0.0708 | 0.0708 |
4th instar | 0.0671 | 0.7170 | 0.0481 | 0.0481 |
5th instar | 0.1179 | 0.6689 | 0.0789 | 0.0789 |
Adult | - | 0.5900 | - | - |
Total | 0.4100 | 0.4100 |
Generation 1 | Temperatures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Fluctuating | |||||||||
19 °C | 22 °C | 25 °C | 28 °C | 31 °C | 34 °C | (25–21 °C) | (28–24 °C) | (31–27 °C) | (34–30 °C) | |
Male (A) | ||||||||||
F0 | - | 8.10 ± 0.15 bA | 8.09 ± 0.06 aA | 7.79 ± 0.11 aAB | 7.86 ± 0.09 aAB | 7.80 ± 0.13 AB | 7.62 ± 0.08 aB | 7.42 ± 0.09 bB | 7.43 ± 0.05 bB | 7.46 ± 0.07 abB |
F1 | - | 8.46 ± 0.06 abA | 8.27 ± 0.11 aA | 8.10 ± 0.11 aAB | 8.11 ± 0.10 aAB | - | 7.38 ± 0.06 aC | 7.70 ± 0.05 aBC | 7.73 ± 0.08 aBC | 7.41 ± 0.18 bC |
F2 | - | 8.78 ± 0.02 aA | 8.21 ± 0.04 aB | 8.05 ± 0.02 aBC | 8.01 ± 0.10 aBC | - | 7.46 ± 0.06 aE | 7.63 ± 0.06 abDE | 7.86 ± 0.03 aCD | 7.87 ± 0.06 aCD |
Female (B) | ||||||||||
F0 | - | 8.62 ± 0.12 bA | 8.19 ± 0.04 cABC | 8.34 ± 0.14 aAB | 8.56 ± 0.08 aA | 8.18 ± 0.10 ABC | 7.83 ± 0.08 aCD | 7.93 ± 0.09 aBCD | 7.87 ± 0.08 abCD | 7.71 ± 0.05 aD |
F1 | - | 8.88 ± 0.07 abA | 8.83 ± 0.11 aAB | 8.65 ± 0.10 aAB | 8.25 ± 0.15 aBC | - | 7.53 ± 0.17 aD | 8.03 ± 0.05 aCD | 7.77 ± 0.12 bCD | 7.67 ± 0.21 aCD |
F2 | - | 9.10 ± 0.02 aA | 8.49 ± 0.05 bBC | 8.66 ± 0.04 aAB | 8.60 ± 0.17 aBC | - | 7.65 ± 0.20 aE | 7.81 ± 0.05 aDE | 8.21 ± 0.07 aBCD | 8.14 ± 0.06 aCD |
Generations 1 | Temperatures | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Fluctuating | ||||||||
22 °C | 25 °C | 28 °C | 31 °C | 34 °C | (25–21 °C) | (28–24 °C) | (31–27 °C) | (34–30 °C) | |
F0 | 0.47 ± 0.05 aA | 0.53 ± 0.06 aA | 0.56 ± 0.06 aA | 0.43 ± 0.05 aA | 0.63 ± 0.14 A | 0.54 ± 0.03 Aa | 0.54 ± 0.04 aA | 0.52 ± 0.04 aA | 0.48 ± 0.05 aA |
F1 | 0.40 ± 0.04 aA | 0.55 ± 0.02 aA | 0.41 ± 0.11 aA | 0.57 ± 0.07 aA | - | 0.47 ± 0.04 aA | 0.53 ± 0.05 aA | 0.42 ± 0.05 aA | 0.66 ± 0.10 aA |
F2 | 0.55 ± 0.06 aA | 0.49 ± 0.06 aA | 0.49 ± 0.05 aA | 0.48 ± 0.06 aA | - | 0.61 ± 0.09 aA | 0.48 ± 0.04 aA | 0.50 ± 0.03 aA | 0.44 ± 0.03 aA |
Generation 1 | Temperature | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Fluctuating | |||||||||
19 °C | 22 °C | 25 °C | 28 °C | 31 °C | 34 °C | (25–21 °C) | (28–24 °C) | (31–27 °C) | (34–30 °C) | |
Pre-oviposition period (d) | ||||||||||
F0 | - | 11.03 ± 1.20 cA | 7.67 ± 0.70 cABC | 2.31 ± 0.41 cE | - | - | - | 6.12 ± 1.00 cBCD | 4.31 ± 0.52 cCDE | 2.75 ± 0.33 cDE |
F1 | - | 34.37 ± 0.48 bA | 26.54 ± 1.00 bABC | 16.80 ± 0.75 bD | - | - | - | 29.23 ± 2.29 bAB | 23.40 ± 3.93 bBCD | 19.40 ± 1.12 bCD |
F2 | - | 56.88 ± 0.91 aA | 45.51 ± 0.38 aC | 29.48 ± 0.45 aEF | - | - | - | 47.26 ± 1.10 aBC | 39.20 ± 1.11 aD | 32.10 ± 0.57 aE |
Generation | Number of eggs per female | |||||||||
F0 | - | 291.15 ± 65.19 bAB | 347.00 ± 57.97 bA | 366.05 ± 107.50 aA | - | - | - | 200.21 ± 38.56 aAB | 203.53 ± 38.73 bAB | 174.81 ± 40.96 aB |
F1 | - | 552.48 ± 47.76 aA | 534.31 ± 47.55 aA | 356.80 ± 72.90 aABC | - | - | - | 179.98 ± 64.89 aC | 263.20 ± 84.26 abABC | 197.20 ± 25.65 aC |
F2 | - | 430.40 ± 15.26 abAB | 560.52 ± 28.36 aA | 371.27 ± 36.01 aAB | - | - | - | 286.56 ± 48.78 aBC | 426.14 ± 39.45 aAB | 257.30 ± 49.72 aBC |
Generation | Viability (%) | |||||||||
F0 | - | 68.45 ± 7.53 aA | 59.45 ± 3.25 bAB | 65.21 ± 12.51 aA | - | - | - | 29.51 ± 8.64 aBC | 26.71 ± 8.63 aBC | 15.56 ± 6.78 aC |
F1 | - | 86.44 ± 2.83 aA | 77.04 ± 3.25 aA | 61.46 ± 6.72 aAB | - | - | - | 8.77 ± 4.86 aC | 16.08 ± 13.60 aBC | 8.57 ± 8.57 aC |
F2 | - | 72.17 ± 3.59 aA | 67.42 ± 3.73 abAB | 58.68 ± 5.64 aAB | - | - | - | 22.44 ± 5.70 aC | 33.23 ± 1.65 aBC | 10.05 ± 6.22 aC |
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Barrufaldi, A.P.F.; Hayashida, R.; Hoback, W.W.; Higley, L.G.; Carvalho, J.R.d.; Oliveira, R.C.d. Trade-Offs between Temperature and Fitness in Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Implications for Mass Rearing and Field Management. Insects 2023, 14, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050448
Barrufaldi APF, Hayashida R, Hoback WW, Higley LG, Carvalho JRd, Oliveira RCd. Trade-Offs between Temperature and Fitness in Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Implications for Mass Rearing and Field Management. Insects. 2023; 14(5):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050448
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarrufaldi, Ana Paula Frugeri, Rafael Hayashida, William Wyatt Hoback, Leon G. Higley, Jose Romario de Carvalho, and Regiane Cristina de Oliveira. 2023. "Trade-Offs between Temperature and Fitness in Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Implications for Mass Rearing and Field Management" Insects 14, no. 5: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050448
APA StyleBarrufaldi, A. P. F., Hayashida, R., Hoback, W. W., Higley, L. G., Carvalho, J. R. d., & Oliveira, R. C. d. (2023). Trade-Offs between Temperature and Fitness in Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Implications for Mass Rearing and Field Management. Insects, 14(5), 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050448