Can Primary Ferroan Dolomite and Ankerite Be Precipitated? Its Implications for Formation of Submarine Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonate (MDAC) Chimney
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microbial Geochemical Fe Cycle
2.1. Valence Changes of Iron in Different Ecological Niches
2.2. Microbial Fe(III) Respiration
3. Discussion: Microbial Mediation of Ferroan Dolomite Precipitation
3.1. Examples of Microbial-Mediated Precipitation of Ferroan Dolomite
3.2. The Utilization of Fe2+ in Methanogans and SRB
3.3. Possible Process of Microbial-Mediated Nucleation
3.4. Ankerite in Cold Seeps
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolic Pathway | Mechanism of Mediation | Organisms Identified | Mg/Ca | The Initial Concentration of SO42− (mM) | HCO3− (mM) | Salinity (‰) | Alkalinity of Carbonate | pH | Temperature (℃) | The Shape of Dolomite Precipitation | Source Location (or Field Experiment Location) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic heterotrophy [79] | Nitrate or nitrite, as a terminal electron acceptor, is reduced to ammonia to raise alkalinity. | Halomonas meridiana, Virgibacillus marismortui | 84/11 | / | / | 35, 35 | / | 7.4, 7.3 | 25, 35 | Microspherical and ovate with granular surface | Brejo do Espinho, Brazil |
Chemotrophic sulfide oxidation (SO) [80] | The reduced sulfur is used as an electron donor to reduce and fix the CO2 at the oxygen/sulfide interface. Precipitation of dolomite precursors benefit from diel fluctuating pH gradients of low temperature fluctuations thermodynamically at night. | Mainly Microcoleus and Thiobacillus, growing with phototrophic Thiocapsa sp. symbiotically [81] | About 0.18–0.88, approaching 1 | <0.2–6.2 | / | Hypers-aline | / | 6.8–7.7 | / | / | Lagoa Vermelha and Brejo do Espinho, Brazil |
Dissimilatory sulfate reduction [28,37,82,83] | The organic carbon coupled to sulfate is used as a terminal electron acceptor, which removes sulfate and generates alkalinity under anaerobic conditions. | Desulfovibrio group | / | / | / | Hypers-aline | / | / | 4 | Near-spheroidal nanobacteria on the dolomite surface | / |
Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomacula | Postgate (1984) Medium B reflected lake water that many salts, including KH2PO4 (1.00 g), NH4Cl (2.00 g), CaSO4 (2.00 g), FeSO4·7H2O(1.00 g), MgSO4·7H2O (4.00 g), MgCl2·6H2O (11.00 g), and NaCl (59.00 g), were added in 2 L water under anoxic conditions. | 22 | Near-sphero-idal | Coorong Lagoon, Australia | |||||||
Desuifovibrio sp. LVform6 | 80/13, about 6 | 0 | 30 | Hypers-aline | High | 8 | 30 | Dumbbell-like shape, and the grape-like transforming into large pieces of hemispherical- spherical or broccoli clumps | Lagoa Vermelha, Brazil | ||
Desulfonatronovibrio. hydrogenovorans strain Z-7935 | 39/61–54/46 | 0 | 30 | Hypers-aline | High | 8 | 30 | Magadi, Kenya | |||
Methanogenesis (coupled to anaerobic oxidation of methane) [38,84,85] | Methanogenesis decrease dolomite saturation, and an increase in CO32− concentration leads to an increase in alkalinity, which may lead to dolomite supersaturation. | Methanogens and DIRB | 135/458 | <0.01 | 12.4 | Fresh-water | / | 6.74 | 25 | Rod-shaped cell surface | A petroleum- contaminated aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA |
Family Methanomicrobiaceae and genus Methanosaeta | 0.71 | / | 2.15 | Fresh-water | / | 7.42 | 30 | Rhombic dolomite | / |
Standard Dolomite | Standard Ankerite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | I/I0 | hkl | d | I/I0 | hkl |
4.033 | 1 | 101 | 4.051 | <1 | 101 |
3.699 | 3 | 012 | 3.714 | 2 | 012 |
2.888 | 100 | 104 | 2.906 | 100 | 104 |
2.670 | 4 | 006 | 2.693 | 4 | 006 |
2.539 | 3 | 015 | 2.556 | <1 | 015 |
2.404 | 8 | 110 | 2.414 | 4 | 110 |
2.193 | 25 | 113 | 2.203 | 7 | 113 |
2.065 | 4 | 021 | 2.073 | <1 | 021 |
2.015 | 4 | 202 | 2.024 | 6 | 202 |
1.847 | 5 | 024 | 1.856 | 2 | 024 |
1.805 | 16 | 018 | 1.818 | 8 | 018 |
1.787 | 21 | 116 | 1.797 | 10 | 116 |
1.780 | 3 | 009 | 1.795 | 5 | 009 |
1.567 | 4 | 211 | 1.573 | 2 | 211 |
1.545 | 7 | 122 | 1.550 | 4 | 122 |
1.465 | 4 | 214 | 1.472 | 4 | 214 |
1.444 | 4 | 208 | 1.452 | 4 | 208 |
1.389 | 4 | 300 | 1.394 | 2 | 300 |
Miller Index | Sample | Dolomite | Ankerite | Calcite |
---|---|---|---|---|
(hkl) | d(hkl) Å | d(hkl) Å | d(hkl) Å | d(hkl) Å |
102 | 3.71 | 3.69 | 3.70 | 3.86 |
110 | 2.40 | 2.41 | 2.41 | 2.49 |
122 | 1.55 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 1.60 |
104 | 2.94 | 2.89 | 2.90 | 3.03 |
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Xu, F.; You, X.; Li, Q.; Liu, Y. Can Primary Ferroan Dolomite and Ankerite Be Precipitated? Its Implications for Formation of Submarine Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonate (MDAC) Chimney. Minerals 2019, 9, 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070413
Xu F, You X, Li Q, Liu Y. Can Primary Ferroan Dolomite and Ankerite Be Precipitated? Its Implications for Formation of Submarine Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonate (MDAC) Chimney. Minerals. 2019; 9(7):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070413
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Fan, Xuelian You, Qing Li, and Yi Liu. 2019. "Can Primary Ferroan Dolomite and Ankerite Be Precipitated? Its Implications for Formation of Submarine Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonate (MDAC) Chimney" Minerals 9, no. 7: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070413